Motivation Through Monetary And Non Monetary Benefits

Motivation Through Monetary And Non Monetary Benefits ? The main Objective of this research is to determine either the monetary benefits or non-monetary benefits have great impact on motivation. ? Through what ways increase employee s interest towards job and their motivation towards organizational goals. ? Decide the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enhance organizational performance. ? To find out whether Pay dissatisfaction has numerous undesirable consequences or not and see how pay satisfaction increases organizational commitment ? Also look into a matter that how status is more important than money and why motivate employees towards the organizational goal is possible by assigning them good status. Article 1 Ignacio Falgueras Sorauren. (2000). Non-Monetary Incentives: Do People Work Only for Money, Vol. 10, No. 4. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3857840 Mr. Ignacio Falgueras Sorauren conducted this research in 2000 in which he investigates the problem related to motivation in organizations. Actually this problem occurs when people tend to follow their own interests rather than firm s common goals. Primarily author try to address this problem by giving them some economic proposals but the study showed that economic proposal doesn t decrease conflict of interest and not able the people to purse firm s common goal rather than follow their personal interest. These economic proposals further create more problems but after that researcher through thorough study reveals that non-monetary incentives are most important to motivate people towards organizational goals because money is not the solution of every problem. As you can find lot of variables in this article, but with respect to my topic Motivation through monetary and non-monetary benefits help me to identify the dependent variable as organizational goal and independent variable is Employees interest towards job and their motivation towards organizational goals . So it shows that organizational goal is dependent on employee s interest towards job and their motivation towards organizational goals through some non-monetary incentives. Apart from monetary benefits there is a strong need of non-monetary benefits to purse employees towards firm common goals. Some non-monetary benefits include making job challenging and interesting so in this way they know what they are doing and produce positive results for the organization. In order to make job interesting and challenging money would not always play a big role because money is neither the motivator nor the major one. Researchers reveal that most of the time money leads to conflict of interest and the most important opposition of money is its incapability to reduce the conflict of interests born in any organization. So organization needs to set a common goal communicated with their employees, thus enables them to bring unity among their employees and in this way conflict problem has also resolve. Non-monetary incentive in shape of communicating organizational goal and setting targets for the team, make the employees to work for organizational interests rather than pe rsonal interest. This article is extremely relevant to my topic which helps me to understand that non-monetary incentives have great role to play for the achievement of organizational goals. Through these incentives inject motivation in employees to prefer organizational goals over their personal interest. Along with that the best way to motivate people is treating them as human beings because it is really essential to consider all human aspects to gain excellent results. Article 2 Judy Cameron., W. David Pierce. (1994). Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis, Vol. 64, No. 3. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1170677 Two Researchers Judy Cameron and W. David Pierce wrote a research paper titled as Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis in 1994 to examine the effects of reinforcement and reward on intrinsic motivation. So in this paper they have conducted 96 experimental studies from different groups to compare rewards and non-rewards effect on intrinsic motivation. In this article I found Intrinsic Motivation as dependent variable, whereas reinforcement and rewards are independent variables. Thus, it shows that in order to bring intrinsic motivation there is need to be some good reinforcement and rewards. As I mentioned above they conducted 96 experiments and the results showed that reward does not decrease intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that comes from inside the person and he gets pleasure while doing job or performing any particular task. When researcher scrutinizes the communication process he finds out that intrinsic motivation can increase through verbal praise. The reward is given to an employee on the completion of the task and it has an insignificant negative effect on intrinsic motivation as measured by the amount of time spent on the task. Because that person is self motivated so there is no need to give any rewards to that person but on the other way around concentration of employee s increases towards there job and they try to do the same task in shorter span of time and also in this way bring the efficiency in their work and higher intrinsic motivation. They further conducted five more studies about reinforcement and results reveal that rein forcement does not effect any individual intrinsic motivation. So it shows that you can reinforce your employee regarding the completion of job and that will not hurt their intrinsic motivation. In the end article leave us with one question it is not clear yet what effect reinforcement or reward have on intrinsic motivation. They consider some studies have opposing trend and not relevant because of outside of the researcher paradigm. This article is highly relevant to my study on motivation through monetary and non-monetary benefits. As intrinsic motivation does not increase when employee gets a reward but some times brings efficiency. Whereas reinforcement does not hurt employees intrinsic motivation so intrinsic motivation has a mix trend with respect to benefits. Article 3 Scott Jeffery. The Benefits of Tangible Non-monetary incentives, Retrieved from http://www.businessgroupinc.com/PDFs/The%20Benefits%20of%20Tangible%20Non%20Monetary%20Incentives.pdf Mr. Scott Jeffery the writer of the article which is titled as The Benefits of Tangible Non-monetary incentives talks about that some tangible non-monetary benefits are much more motivational for employees as compare to monetary incentives. And by doing that we can bring better reward system through which the organization easily gains their desired Objectives. One thing we have to keep in mind that in order to increase more performance, non-monetary incentive must be equal or greater than cash incentives because if you provide lower value non-monetary incentives that might be not as effective as high value cash incentives. In this important article I establish tangible non-monetary incentives as independent variable where as motivation is our dependent variable. Therefore motivation in employees is depending on your independent variable non-monetary incentives and this statement sounds true because there is high probability of bringing motivation in employee s trough non-monetary benefits. There are some very important points discussed in this article like, nowadays organizations use very small amount of tangible non-monetary benefits which are very small percentage of total employee compensation. In this research researcher discussed some explanations through which we get an idea that nowadays firms are not using this kind of incentives. Psychological process which increased motivational power of tangible non-monetary incentives is both emotional and cognitive (involves mental process). As you get to know about the power of tangible non-monetary benefits and when these two different cognitive and emotional processes gets together this mean that they toil together in decision making. Justifiability is cognitive because people have to consider the difficulty they have face in order to justify the purchase of tangible non-monetary benefits. On the other way around the nature of these justifiability concerns are more effective. The writer mentioned in this article that th e prize which is earned on the basis of good performance makes an employee to think about his achievement, consider as a cognitive process and even have a higher utility when other people get to know about your achievement. So, it shows that motivation or organizational goals are our dependent variables, whereas non-monetary incentives are independent. So I can conclude the article by saying that tangible non-monetary incentives boost employee motivation and has the ability to improve the efficiency of the organization. The article is highly relevant to my research which helps me to understand the role of emotional Psychology in order to motivate employees and how it enables the organization to achieve their desire goals. Article 4 Rizwan Saleem. (2005). A study on the effect of monetary Benefits (pay) and work motivation on job satisfaction. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1529064 Mr. Rizwan Saleem from Mohammad Ali Jinnah University in 2005 wrote a research paper titled as A study on the effect of monetary Benefits (pay) and work motivation on job satisfaction . This study is conducted from the banking sector with respect to understand the effect of pay and work motivation on job satisfaction. For that they done exploratory research by developing the questionnaire in order to measure the level of pay, work motivation, and job satisfaction as well as achieve the effect of pay and work motivation on job satisfaction. In this article I discover dependent variable as Job satisfaction where as monetary benefits and work motivation is our independent variables. This means that job satisfaction is depending upon monetary benefits that employee is getting and along with that how well the employee is motivated towards the job. So the combination of both helps to achieve Job satisfaction for an employee. As the study showed about the psychology of human mind regarding job satisfaction is that person is self motivated to do that job or task and gets pleasure while doing that job. The rule of the thumb is that the more satisfied the employee, the higher the organizational performance. Further research reveals that there is a difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In this article intrinsic motivation is defined as the motivation to perform an activity in order to experience the pleasure inherent in the activity. The cognitive evaluation theory says that rewards interpret an employee s competence and determine their intrinsic motivation. In this article we conclude that pay is independent variable and job satisfaction is depending upon it. Facts reveal that extrinsic incentives often crowd out intrinsic motivation which then reduces discretionary effort of workers. Research has revealed that motivation has different intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. According to Deci, Connell, Ryan intrinsic motivation can be defined as the motivation to perform an activity for it, in order to experience the pleasure and satisfaction inherent in the activity. According to cognitive evaluation theory and self determination theory it is rewards that are interpreted as information about one s competence and satisfy individuals need for autonomy, will enhance intrinsic motivation. In this article we conclude that pay is independent variable and job satisfaction is depending upon it. According to experiential facts, extrinsic incentives often crowd out intrinsic motivation which in turn reduces discretionary effort of workers. Researcher also found that overall the employees were satisfied with their jobs and have their interest in their job. By employing these two independent variables showed that job satisfaction comes automatically and study also proves that i n this way employees were more motivated to work for the organization. This article is relevant to my study in a sense that how motivation along with monetary benefits creates job satisfaction for an employee. It helps me to understand that monetary benefits also play a vital role in order to motivate employees and enhance their job performance. Article 5 Thomas Li-Ping Tang., Randy K. Chiu. (2003). Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior: Is the Love of Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees?, Vol. 46, No. 1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25075086 Mr. Thomas Li-Ping Tang and Mr. Randy K. Chiu in 2003 through empirical study come up with a research titled as Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior: Is the Love of Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees? . The research scrutinize a model involving income, the love of money, pay satisfaction, organizational commitment, job changes, and unethical behavior among 211 full-time employees in Hong Kong, China. In this article I found Organizational commitment as a dependent variable whereas pay satisfaction monetary benefits and love of money are independent variables. So pay satisfaction and good monetary benefits enable the employees to meet the organizational commitment. The study shows quite a few relation between important variables, to mention a few important ones it showed that love of money was negatively related to income and pay satisfaction and the love of money was also negatively related to ethical behavior which means that if you have a strong love for money you cannot easily resist unethical behavior. Pay satisfaction was positively related to organizational commitment. These relations show that income or money is not the cause of evil but the lust for money is the root to all unethical behavior within an organization. It has been highlighted in the article that the findings of this research shouldn t be interpreted that money is an evil as money itself is a key motivator for employees. There has been an increase regarding the importance of money as a career goal.Pay dissatisfaction has numerous undesirable consequences, e.g., turnover, theft, workplace deviance, and unethical behaviors in organizations and might have direct impact on com pany s strategic decisions and image. So there is need to provide good pay and monetary benefits to your employees in order to get the desired objectives. This article is related to my topic in a sense that by providing good monetary benefits to your employees, you eliminate the negative consequences such as high turnover, theft and dissatisfaction this further help them to meet the organizational commitment. Article 6 Hoimonti Ganguly. (Oct., 1974). Role of Status and Money as Motivators among Middle viromnmManagement, Vol. 10, No. 2. Retrieved by http://www.jstor.org/stable/27765445 Ganguly has conducted a research on the relative importance of Money and status on the motivation level of the middle managers of an organization. The study aimed at measuring the effect of both money and status separately on the commitment level of the employees and then to see which one is more important. Research revealed that status plays a more important role than money for middle managers and this is explained by the fact that the lower-end needs of the middle managers are reasonably fulfilled thus their satisfaction from the job will increase more if their status is improved as compared to the same increase in monetary reward. Money and most importantly Status are the independent variables of the research and the dependent variable is the motivation of managers towards the organizational goals. It has been observed that the correlation between status and motivation is particularly strong in case of middle managers. So it shows that in order to achieve organizational goals and motivate people towards their assigned task, there need to give them a status or position in the company that status is going to be self motivator. It has been further observed that the findings of this research hold true across all the stratifying variables like age, income, experience and qualification thereby strengthening the credibility of the research. The research also shows that younger managers are particularly sensitive to status. Managements that are trying to raise the motivation of its employees towards the organization goals should try to cultivate a corporate culture that meets the managerial needs of status. The research was further taken to define the different components of status and it was revealed that intrinsic factors like power, self-esteem, and self-actualization were important in defining status, rather than extrinsic incentives such as fringe benefits and white-collar work. Another important thing that should not be overlooked is that that status is to a great extent defined by the type of work assigned, task performed and result achieved. It has been suggested that linking status with performance tend s to improve motivation greatly. This article supports my topic in a way that motivation of middle level managers is not only depending upon the monetary and non-monetary incentives but also depend upon the higher status which is one of the non monetary reward. However it s crucial to take into consideration the different components of status which may vary from organization to organization. Article 7 S. K. Bhatia. (Jan., 1985). Job Motivation of Executives: An Empirical Study, Vol. 20, No.3. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27768826 Increased motivation of the executives of an organization is very essential for its success not only because they make all the strategic decisions for the firm but also because of the fact that they influence and motivate all the employees working under them. S.k.Bhatia conducted empirical research on the job motivation of the executives. In the study he has aimed to identify a wide variety of factors that affects the motivation level of the executive and the importance they attach to these factors. He has conducted the research by primarily using surveys as his research tool. The article highlighted that monetary benefits, better job security, good working environment, job content, recognition, work-itself, responsibility, opportunity for growth and advancement and sense of achievement are significant factors that should be considered while making policies to increase motivation for the executives. I t has been observed that job content plays a very significant role in determining the level of satisfaction. Majority of employees who find their work duties boring and not contributing towards their advancement tend to have lower levels of motivation where as the ones who were satisfied with their job content directly derived job motivation and were more than willing to bend their energies for organization s benefit. Apart from the job content majority of the respondents answered that a positive perception of the executives is really important. Positive perception was a factor that was further researched upon by Bhatia and it was revealed that it encompasses a wide variety of factors, some of them that the employees mentioned were recognition, responsibility, opportunity for growth, work-itself, advancement, sense of doing good for the society and a sense of achievement. In this article Perception of the job is considered as a very vital factor controlling and defining the motivation of the executives thus in this empirical study it is taken as an independent variable which is determined by a wide variety of factors and vary from person to person and the variable that is dependent upon the perception of the employee is the job motivation. This means if the person changes his perception about their job and particularly if it changes in positive manner than organization performance definitely increases. Perception of the job is considered as the most significant psychological factors identified by all the Motivational theories. The findings of the research make it imperative to lay emphasis on intrinsic motivating factors identified by Herzberg in his two-factor theory. Along with that there is the marked difference in the degree of perception of executives belonging to three categories (i.e. first level, second level and middle level and above).The general trend is that higher the category of executives, the better the degree of perception of job and consequently the higher level of motivation. A large majority of executives are willing to shoulder greater level of responsibility showing their positive attitude towards the job. In the same way a large percentage of the survey population responded that they do not experience stagnation in their jobs and thus get enough opportunities for advancement in their careers which meet their need of self actualization. However on the other end of the spectrum are some respondents who said that they are over burdened and experience less opportunities for growth and advancement. Some first level executives complain that they need more training courses to improve their abilities. The executives have given useful and practical suggestions for bringing about an overall improvement in their job performance and functioning of the respective departments. Article 8 Harvey S. James, Jr. (2003). Why Does the Introduction of Monetary Compensation Produce A Reduction in Performance? Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=481942 Mr. Harvey S. James conducted the research in 2003through which he tries to find the answer of the question that why monetary benefits lead to decrease in performance. Through his observational study he revealed that extrinsic incentives usually crowds out intrinsic motivation. This article demonstrates that how the increase in monetary incentives starts displacing intrinsic motivation to act in the interest of principal. And basically they found out that the motivation of the person distracted when his intrinsic motivation is attacked by extrinsic incentives and in this way his preferences, objectives diverted towards incentives. In this article intrinsic motivation is our independent variable whereas explicit incentives is a dependent variable. It is observed that lot of people want to work without explicit incentives and when you increase their monetary benefits it will lead to decline in their effort. This change of effort takes place because now his motivation towards work is dependent upon extrinsic incentives e.g. lot of employees are interested towards certain job but there is a prize for one, then each and every one of them try to dominate each other and start working for personal interest rather than organizational interest. This decline in responsibility shows that there is a tradeoff people face either by intrinsically satisfied at a higher cost or get extrinsic satisfaction from being compensated. But on the other way around when the people have strong intrinsic motivation then it becomes difficult for explicit incentives to crowd out intrinsic motivation of people. Further he explains that teaching uncritically to workers in the interest of organization; incentives are also align if the workers work according to organization interest and such thing might be lead to counterproductive.Murdock s in 2002 through its analysis revealed that incentive contracts and intrinsic motivation are complementary because focusing on healthy work ethics rather than organization interest is followed by most of the organizations these days but on the other way around by giving these incentives increase the intrinsic motivation. And the major cause behind these kinds of incentives is to increase organizational efficiency and to produce the best result for the organization. This article is highly relevant to my study through which I come to know that the basic purpose of incentives is to employee s motivation towards organizational goals but most of the time it proves wrong for highly intrinsic motivated people, on the other way around author says that sometimes extrinsic incentives don t crowd out intrinsic motivation as well. Article 9 Dan Ariely, Anat Bracha, Stephan Meier. Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1010620 This article titled as Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially written by Dan Ariely, Anat Bracha and Stephan Meier. This paper scrutinize image motivation in which the focus is to be liked by others and treated well regarded, in their eyes. Prosocial behavior (doing good) is one of their drivers. Also determine whether extrinsic monetary benefits (doing well) have unfavorable effect on Prosocial behavior because of crowding out of image motivation. According to definition image is the presentation of ones behavior to other people. So this exclusive property showed that image is most important part of motivation to behave prosocially. Research also showed that when extrinsic motivation relate with image motivation then it is less effective in public than in private. I derive Motivation and extrinsic motivation as dependent variable whereas monetary incentives and behaving prosocially are dependent variable. It is revealed in the study that motivation is crowded out by monetary incentives which illustrates that monetary incentives are counterproductive for public prosocial activities as compare to private one. Through exploratory research researcher finds out that there hypothesis supports them because monetary incentives severely depends on visibility, monetary incentives are much more effective helping them privately rather than publicly Prosocial activities. As we know extrinsic motivation is a motivation that comes from outside of an individual and other way around people wants to be seen doing good without extrinsic incentives, these people want to be respected in the eyes of other people, they want other people to appreciates them and to consider them they are doing good job. But with extrinsic incentives there motive to work well deteriorates because extrinsic incentives makes them work for money or some other factors but they don t want people to consider that they are doing well . so in this way they are not get effective and their image value decreases. The signaling element of a product greatly influences its purchase thus if the government gives a subsidy on a particular technology that is environment friendly then the fact that whether the particular product is a publicly used product or not will greatly influence the buyers motivation to buy the product. The purchase of the environment friendly technology will confuse the buyer that how does his purchased is viewed by the public, is that made because the buyer is genuinely concerned about the environment or is it just to avail the tax benefit or is it bought just to create an image that you are a responsible citizen. Thus the government should carefully consider all its policies and should take into account the unintentional damage to signaling that their policy results in. Another option for providing the extrinsic incentive is to provide it without making it public, it will give the same effect as if the extrinsic incentive does not exists. This could be further elaborated by using the example that most of the donors for social causes do not make their identity public so that the signaling effect does not crowd outs their true cause. To conclude it is better to have less extrinsic incentives for visible Prosocial activities so that these incentives do not erode the moral aspect. This article is highly relevant to my study which gives me further knowledge about the effect of extrinsic incentives on motivation and if the person is not extrinsically motivated he wants to appreciate and considered that he is doing a good job. So different people is motivated through different ways. Article 10 Andrew Ballentine., Nora McKenzie., Allen Wysocki., Karl Kepner. The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hr016 This article titled as The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage written by Andrew Ballentine, Nora McKenzie, Allen Wysocki and Karl Kepner. In the corporate environment manager these days constantly trying to create strong motivational environment in the organization through which all the workforce work towards the organizational goal together. For that they use monetary and non-monetary benefits to motivate them in workplace. There can be diverse kinds of monetary benefits which have a similar impact on associates. An example could be a mutual fund is one of monetary benefits provided through company insurance program or pension plans. Different people in an organization has different needs and there are different incentives for the employee of different age group. Nowadays organizations are replacing their traditional motivational incentives to newer ones according to the needs of younger generation. Along with that article also states that there are different monetary and non-monetary benefits at each stage of employee career e.g. a nature of an incentive is different for higher management of organization hierarchy as compare to lower level management. So I derive dependent variable as motivation, interest, and job satisfaction whereas career stage and Generation in which you born are Independent variables in this article. The basic reason of monetary benefit is to reward the employee s for excellent performance in their job by giving them money. Profit sharing, stock options, project bonuses and warrants are some types of monetary incentives. On the other way around the rationale behind non-monetary incentives is to reward the employees for excellent performance in their job by giving them opportunities. Flexible work hours, pleasant work environment and training are some of the examples of non-monetary benefits. Furthermore author also revealed that monetary and non-monetary incentives differ in the efficiency, functions and correctness depending upon the nature of incentive. Another researcher Alfie Kohn in 1993 presents his point of view that monetary incentives encourage Obedience to the work in an organization rather than risk-taking approach because most rewards are given on the basis of performance and people don t want to take risk their jobs. So in this way employees are not encouraged from being creative in work place. One of the most important aspects of the study is desired monetary incentives differ from career stage of employee and also from which generation he belongs to. Survey conducted by American Association of Retired Persons has shown that retired people are motivated to work for flexible schedules, part time hours, and temporary employment and they are known as Mature workers who were born between 1930 and 1945. Whereas baby boomers those who were born between 1946 to 1963 wants retirement planning , flexible retirement options, sabbaticals and job training as their non-monetary incentives. Further the next generation Generation X ers those who were born between 1964 and 1981 like flexible work schedule, professional development, feedback, tangible rewards and work environment as their non-monetary incentives. And Generation Y ers those who were born after 1982 wants flexible work schedules, professional development, feedback, tangible rewards and work environ

Belief, Pain and Healing

Pain is a complex concept. No single perspective can fully encapsulate or explain how pain is generated, perceived and healed or taken away. Though one would usually think of a wound or sickness with the issue of pain, pain does not simply take into consideration the body, its parts and processes. Anyone would be familiar with phrases like â€Å"mind over body† and like phrases which take more than the isolated view on pain. As an attempt to explain pain, Ronald Melzack and P. D.Wall proposed the gate control theory which aims to explain the perception of pain in the psychological sense. Malzack and Wall developed the gate control theory which hypothesized that â€Å"there are special nerves that carry intense sensation to the spinal column† (Friedman, 2002, p. 91). However, these sensations do not simply travel directly to the brain as there is a â€Å"gate† controlled by signals from the brain. Hence, thoughts and feelings have an effect on pain perception.Anot her concept that plays upon the phrase â€Å"mind over body† is that of the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect occurs when attention influences a certain situation regardless of other factors (Friedman, 2002, p. 85). This concept is important for doctor-patient interaction because despite few and ineffective forms of treatment, a patient may experience positive effects when an attending physician caters to him or her. Finally, there is the placebo effect.Shapiro defines a placebo as â€Å"any therapy that is without specific activity for the condition being treated† (as cited in Friedman, 2002, p. 85). A placebo’s effects may either be psychological or psychophysiological. Placebos work upon an assumed or believed effect on one’s physical state by the said placebo to condition the mind of the individual taking it. Reference: †¢ Friedman, H. (2002). Health Psychology. Chapter 4: Belief, Pain and Healing (p. 85, 91) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Persuasive Essay Topics for Grade 8 - the Story

Persuasive Essay Topics for Grade 8 - the Story Lies You've Been Told About Persuasive Essay Topics for Grade 8 The big distinction is that the argumentative essay should demonstrate a discussion rather than a single opinion. Having selected a superior topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. Before actually beginning to compose your essay, you have to choose an issue to write about. Read and analyze some persuasive essay examples to find out more in regards to the structure and vocabulary employed within this sort of essay. You will need to set up facts, possess the confidence and demonstrate the very clear evidence of your private viewpoint to certain phenomenon. Domestic terrorism isn't really an overwhelming issue in the usa. Students are accustomed to the simple fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. They should be careful about posting on social media. They should be allowed to pray in school. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Year round school isn't a good idea. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick specific topics and begin writing about them. Once you are able to accomplish this, you're promised a great grade. School tests aren't effective. The Persuasive Essay Topics for Grade 8 Game BUN tests should be done a specific way. It won't be any different than every other blood test you've received. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory for the initial five years after obtaining a license. They should be mandatory over a certain age. Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight that may bring improved arguments on the issue. At least, you should attempt to insist on the distinctive measures to raise the security of people around. You should have all pieces of the test under control before you demonstrate your skills in their entire entirety. The demand for completely free public Wi-Fi. Schools should not have anything to do with ads. Biological weapons shouldn't be allowed. Every American should learn how to speak Spanish. He should learn to speak English. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. Select the period of life which you think is best and compose an essay arguing why it's the ideal time of life. In such cases, you don't need to choose topics that require a great deal of research and preparation. Learn which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. It is going to also prepare you for the writing and you'll save yourself time when writing as you are not going to have to stop simply to make sure if a point is right or wrong. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Another good idea is to receive some absolutely free essay examples of different kinds and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. There are instances when you're requested to deliver a persuasive speech in a short time period. Breastfeeding should be permitted in public places. Problems related to drugs are quite contradictive. A trusted writing services company may assist you with all that. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, overall, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no real way to provide a free college education as colleges would still have to be funded (likely through tax dollars). If you ar e searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are lots of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the real collection of the very best. The list you'll find here is not aiming high merely to persuade people who you're right. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. Thus, it's the ideal choice to purchase from the stores immediately. A minumum of one parent should work at home.

The Reduced Margins of DMC Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The way DMC is doing business is not an ideal one in this type of industry where day by day new product is launched, and where obsolesces of technology is very frequent but in spite all of these issues DMC is doing traditionally with any proactive thinking for the future DMC is not quick enough to respond quickly to market changes which result in decreased margins. Like other areas of the company finance department also feel the same heat of below-par performance although finance VP is very much confident about some good news from his side but all this is just expectation not the news, due to lower sale and higher cost and overall loss of more than 1000 million dollar the company has now the only choice to reduce its operating cost which obviously much hard for the staff that may also demotivate the employee because it s not just the fault of employee who bear such cost but mainly its possible due to lack of strategic plan, as if all this is proactively managed the position of compan y would be a profit earning organization, further due to uncertainty involved in its product market demand it is also a difficult task for the finance department to calculate the exact return on capital employed which would create difficulty in negotiation with financial institution, (Hello, 2015) Human Resource function would also have to bear the loss of the company by either downsizing or outsourcing, because a change in HR strategy often means lay off of employees but this would demotivate exiting employees and is not a recommended technique in this sort of situation because in company life sudden losses and especially in IT environment are usual phenomenon therefor while addressing this situation we should assume the broader aspect of the company and see the company in long term approach, hence neither the downsizing nor outsourcing is the solution to the problem but the only solution is strategic planning for all upcoming activities and proactive management of resources instea d of reactive approach. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reduced Margins of DMC or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

A Public Administrator s Biggest Concern - 1504 Words

Public administration is often times the enforcement of government policy and also academic discipline that prepares people for working in the public service. It is a field with a diverse scope. The goal is to have advance management and policies so that the government can function. A public administrator’s biggest concern is having a sense of organization with government policies and programs. Often times many unelected officers can be considered heads of city, county, regional, state, and federal departments. Some federal departments can include municipal budget directors, human resources administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators can work in public at all levels of government. The history of public administration has ancient origins. The Egyptians and Greeks organized their government by public office. 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The Aquilealand Accounting Standard Board Accounting Essay Free Essays

This intent of this study is to give advice on the development of an accounting criterion for employee benefits. Five different jobs sing employee benefits will be examined and each job will be related to an accounting construct. Recommendations will be suggested for these jobs every bit good. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aquilealand Accounting Standard Board Accounting Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now All employees work in outlook of being rewarded afterwards, or in progress in some instances. Beam and Mcfadden ( 2001 ) specify employee benefits as â€Å" all benefits and services, other than rewards for clip worked that are provided to employees in whole or in portion by their employers † . These benefits include ill foliages, medical disbursals, holiday fillips and many others. Therefore, it is necessary that there are certain regulations sing these benefits that will keep the rights of the employees. In the underdeveloped state of Aquilealand, we do non hold our ain conceptual model, and hence we adopt the IASB ‘s model. Aquilealand Accounting Standards Board should use a new criterion for employee benefits and this will be used by all companies in Aquilealand. There are several jobs refering employee benefits which need to be looked into in deepness, some of them will be discussed in the undermentioned paragraphs. Problem ( 1 ) : Recognition of net incomes and losingss originating from program assets One of the jobs mentioned during the making the accounting criterion for Aquilealand is the acknowledgment of expected return of program assets. In the attack V IASB expected return should be recognized and excluded from the assets service cost. However, anticipation of any future return involves a large sum of uncertainness ( Pastor, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Pastor it is really difficult to foretell expected return even utilizing mathematical theoretical accounts objectively. The ground is that subjectiveness and opinion have a large impact on this procedure ( Pastor, 2001 ) . This fact is interrupting the objectiveness construct of the Regulatory Framework. Harmonizing to this construct, histories should be free of opinion and should be measured by all people in the same manner ( Alexander et Al ) . In add-on, acknowledgment of expected return, which is unfulfilled return, may be misdirecting information for the users of fiscal statements. As it is non possible to extinguish the opinion factor in the procedure of computation of expected return, companies should non recognize the expected return on program assets until it is truly gained. That will forestall the breakage of the objectiveness construct. This may besides assist to supply more accurate information about the fiscal state of affairs of the company to the users of fiscal statements. Merely realized return on program assets should be recognized. In add-on, companies should be required to unwrap the information about alteration of program plus in the one-year study ; non as the portion of the statement of comprehensive income but as a separate subdivision. Problem ( 2 ) : Disclosures There are three basic affairs that can be of import to be disclosed in fiscal statements. First, explain in inside informations the characteristics and hazards connected with its defined benefit programs. Next, show the consequence of defined benefit programs on the entity ‘s future hard currency flow and which related to timing, uncertainty and sums. Finally, explain the numerical information that is involved in the fiscal statements bring forthing from its defined benefits program ( PWC, 2011 ) . However, there are many demands for revelations which might be hard to use. A company has to supply elaborate information about the fiscal events in order to run into three things because the users of fiscal statements need to measure numerical information ( KPMG, 2011 ) . Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revelation is given simply on the defined benefit duty, although IASB provinces that, ‘sensitivity analysis on the net defined benefit liability ( assets ) ‘ can be more utile. However, it is far more hard and complicated to transport out ( ibid. ) . Furthermore, revelations for multi-employer programs are presently extended because more information linked with multi- employer should be disclosed such as support agreement ( PWC, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to the materiality construct, fiscal statements are prepared to function the users to do the right determination. Therefore, all information that may impact their determination should be involved in fiscal statements. As a consequence, revelation rule is significantly associated with materiality because all the quantitative and qualitative information should be involved in fiscal statement such as accounting policies and important events ( Jan, O. , 2010 ) . As mentioned before, there are some recommendations that should be considered for employee benefits revelation. First, the companies required to unwraping the of import information involved in fiscal statements to fulfill the external users and assist them to understand information and do right determination ( PWC, 2013 ) . In add-on, the companies should utilize narrative description of fiscal information such as liabilities fiting so the readers can understand written information. Problem ( 3 ) : Termination benefits Based on the definition in IAS 19, expiration benefits are the benefits for those employees whose employments are voluntarily or involuntarily terminated before the normal retirement day of the month. Therefore, expiration benefits should be recognized as a liability and an disbursal in entity ‘s fiscal study. For case, voluntary expiration benefits should be recognized when they are provided as ‘a consequence of an offer made in order to promote voluntary redundancy ‘ ( Alexander, Britton A ; Jorissen, 2011: 525 ) . On the other manus, as the name implies, nonvoluntary expiration benefits should be recognized when the employment is terminated involuntarily, such as dismissal. However, for acknowledgment in fiscal accounting, it is indispensable to foremost make up one’s mind when and how much it should be recognized. Therefore, the disbursal of the expiration benefits should be able to be expressed in money, which is besides known as one of the fiscal accounting conventions named ‘monetary measuring ‘ ( Alexander, Britton A ; Jorissen, 2011 ) . Furthermore, besides the sum to acknowledge, it is besides necessary to find the clip to acknowledge. For case, to acknowledge the nonvoluntary expiration benefits every bit shortly as the employees are cognizant of the expiration or at the clip they leave the entity should be regulated. Based on the counsel of fiscal accounting conventions, the sum and the clip for the acknowledgment could be easy determined. First, taking history of the pecuniary measuring convention, entity should guarantee the expiration benefits in its dismissal program could be measured. Similarly, the benefits included in the offer that entity provides for voluntary expiration should besides be mensurable. Furthermore, harmonizing to the accumulations convention, the disbursal of the entity should be recognized and recorded every bit shortly as the use of the disbursal is determined ( Alexander, Britton A ; Jorissen, 2011 ) . Therefore, nonvoluntary expiration benefits should be recognized at the clip when entity officially notice the employees affected in its dismissal program. However, for those who have exchanged their expiration benefits for future services, the liability of their benefits should be recognized over the future period. At last, voluntary expiration benefits should be recogn ized when the employees accept the offer made in other to promote voluntary redundancy. Problem ( 4 ) : Post-employment benefits Post-employment benefits means the staff Begin having retirement benefits, for illustration, retirement benefits and other post-employment benefits after completed an employment relationship ( BDO, 2013 ) . Besides, there are two classs of post-employment benefits programs. One is defined part programs, another is defined benefit programs ( ibid. ) . In general, DCP ( which stand for defined part programs ) means employees ‘ retirement program benefits was reserved financess from the company ‘s one-year net income ( Investopedia, n.d. ) . Accounting intervention is comparatively simple. But the duties undertaken of the employee is non rather clear. Therefore, the item of the handling is the employer ought to do the part towards the present service and have no duty to give excess part for past service ( Towers Watson, n.d. ) . For DBP ( which stand for defined benefit programs ) , it is a retirement program that employee benefits are classified harmonizing to a expression utilizing factors such as length of service and salary history, which was sponsored by the employer ( Investopedia, n.d. ) . Harmonizing to Towers Watson [ n.d. ] , owing to actuarial additions and losingss and anterior service costs are deferred, ensuing in the pension liability that are non really required to bear the duties. The solution is instantly acknowledgment of actuarial additions and losingss and anterior service cost. The undermentioned specific patterns are: canceling actuarial additions and losingss utilizing the corridor attack, take actuarial additions and losingss that are recognized in net income and loss commissariats and necessitate all actuarial additions and losingss should be recognized instantly in other comprehensive income ( OCI ) . Furthermore, past service cost should non be deferred amortisation and besides necessitate to be recognized instantly when incurred ( ibid. ) . Besides IAS 19 alterations in the method of look, service cost and net involvement i ncome or disbursal recognized in net income or loss, Re-measurable part recognized in OCI ( BDO, 2013 ) . Problem ( 5 ) : Immediate acknowledgment Immediate acknowledgment in other comprehensive income will hold an impact on organisations which recognizes additions and losingss at the same time in net income and loss. The standard requires acknowledgment of defined benefit duty and program assets in the statement of comprehensive income and in the statement of fiscal place. Harmonizing to IASB, ‘immediate acknowledgment provides more relevant information to users of fiscal statements and provides more faithful representation of the fiscal consequence of defined benefit programs ‘ ( KPMG 2011, p 5 ) . There are some looks of immediate acknowledgment which eliminated by AASB as the criterion of employee benefits. Among them are past service cost and disposal costs and other disbursals. As an illustration of immediate acknowledgment jobs, past service costs will be explained in item. Past service costs used to depict service costs different from current service costs and additions or losingss on the colony. It is defined as ‘the alteration in the present value of the defined benefit duty for the employee service provided in anterior periods ( KPMG, 2011: 18 ) . We should specify whether past service costs is positive or negative. When the alterations improve employee benefits, it is positive ( Deloitte, 2011 ) . While it is negative if the alteration consequences in decrease of the bing benefits ( ibid ) . The following measure is to acknowledge them into the entities ‘ fiscal statements. Harmonizing to the prudence concept footing, it is besides necessary to describe the accounting minutess. Therefore, the method used to acknowledge a vested yesteryear service costs should differ from the one used to acknowledge an unvested yesteryear service costs. Based on the consistence concept footing, it states that ‘accounting methods one time adopted must be applied systematically in future ‘ ( Jan, I. , 2012 ) . Therefore, the accounting intervention for both vested and unvested yesteryear service costs should be severally kept the same in several accounting periods. As it has been shown in the old paragraph, we recommend that the methods used to acknowledge vested and unvested yesteryear service cost should be different. Vested past service costs should be recognized instantly while ‘unvested past service costs should be recognized on a straight-line footing over the staying vesting period ‘ ( Ernst and Young, 2011: 4 ) . Furthermore, the methods used to acknowledge past service costs should follow a consistence footing. To reason, the Aquilealand Accounting Standard Board examined jobs sing employee benefits such as: acknowledgment of net incomes and loss originating from program assets, revelations, expiration benefits, post employment benefits, and immediate acknowledgment. Each of these jobs relates to an accounting construct, and recommendations were suggested in order to make a suited criterion that fit a state which has an active stock market. How to cite The Aquilealand Accounting Standard Board Accounting Essay, Essay examples

Business Driven Management of Infrastructure

Question: Discuss about the Business Driven Management of Infrastructure. Answer: Introduction The Reserve Bank of Australia is the central bank of Australia which became operational in the year 1960. It is the bank issuing authority in Australia which has its headquarters in Sydney. The components of the Bank include the Payments System Board, which is responsible for the administration of the payments system policy (www.rba.gov.au). The institution is responsible for governing the banking and monetary system in Australia. The board comprise of the bank members, government agencies in Australia, Treasury and the institutional leaders (Rba.gov.au. 2017). The Treasurer is responsible for appointing the governor of the Bank. The main function of the Bank includes the currency stabilization, maintenance of employment and the economic prosperity of Australia. The Bank has made several strategic as well as operational plans regarding financial market operations, financial stability, monetary policy, payments and infrastructure, banking, bank notes and financial position (Rba.gov.au. 2017). It has also formulated policies regarding the risk oversight and management. The human resources department of the Reserve Bank of Australia focuses on attracting and retaining the best talents in the organization. It has formulated policies regarding the compensation and benefits, diversity, equity, training and development and occupational health as well as safety (Rba.gov.au. 2017). The attracting the best talents would ensure that there would be formulation of excellent monetary policy and the retaining of the manpower would lead to efficient handling of the financial market operations. Consultation with stakeholders The internal as well as external stakeholders are consulted so that they can ascertain the needs related to human resource department. A training needs analysis would be done which would measure the difference between the needs of the training process and the employees training procedures (Phillips and Phillips 2016). The internal stakeholders such as the employees were interviewed regarding the level of training provided by the organization. It was found out that the employees emphasized on the need of being trained on matters related to the customer service (Dhar 2015). There have not been adequate trainings on this subject and hence they were not confident while interacting with the customers. This deteriorated the service quality of the Bank. The external stakeholders such as customers are also interviewed regarding the service standards of the Bank and it has been found out that they were not satisfied with the communication skills of the employees (Punjaisri and Wilson 2017). T his makes it evident that the organization requires implementing training modules which would enhance the skills and knowledge of the employees. The focus of the SLA would be training needs of the employees. The required focus should be on enriching the knowledge, skills and expertise of the employees in handling the customers. It is important to define the operational service levels in the operational environment. It is also important to define the customer values which should be embedded in the service level agreements (Kindstrm Kowalkowski and Sandberg 2013). It is also important to develop the SLA norms and the various resources to fulfill it. The stakeholders should be made clear regarding the benefits of the SLA and how it assists in the business management (Fit and Guitart 2014). The delivery of the training process is a complex area in which it is important to manage the expectations of all the stakeholders. It is also important to measure the SLA and the performance improvements of the employees post training (Cascio 2014). The focus of the training would be to provide structured study program for attainment of train ing objectives, which is concerned about increasing the customer satisfaction rates. Relevant Legislation The training services in Australia are governed with the help of suitable legislations. It is also important to incorporate suitable legislations for enhancing the efficiency of the training process. The National Vocational Education and Training Regulator Act 2011 gives training specifications (Billett et al. 2015). The training of employees in customer service should be formulated using a variety of channels. There would be classroom training aimed at improving the customer service skills (Valentine et al. 2015). This would make it possible for one to one feedback mechanism with the employees. The training would not only focus on the theoretical aspects of the training but would also involve practical aspects of the training. There would also be training delivery modes through e-learning. Each of the participants would be logging in the learning database with the help of unique login username and password (Clark and Mayer 2016). This would help the participants learn in their own convenient time. This would make it possible to enrich the knowledge of the employees in dealing with the customers. It would also encourage feedback from the participants regarding the quality of the training. There would be other modes of training such as teleconferencing, internet classroom link, self-paced learning and others. Implementation Plan The implementation plan of the SLA would be done in phases and there would be several steps in the implementation process (Cassidy 2016). It would comprise of the development of the performance tracking mechanisms and the establishment of the reporting processes. It is also important to reinforce the roles as well as responsibilities for the usual cross cultural services. It is also important to consider the background of the participants and then decide on the suitable methods. Service specification Performance Standard Timeframe Provide structured program Excellent content 2 months Provide an induction program Interactive platform 1 month Monitoring progress of learning Evaluation tools 2 months Carry out risks assessments In depth review 3 months Provide training material to student Quality learning material 1 month Ensure students are getting cohesive pathway Actual learning of the student 6 months Monitoring of service delivery The monitoring and the evaluation of the service delivery is one of the most important aspects of the organization. The training process should be constantly monitored in order to make it sure that the employees are gaining necessary skills as well as knowledge. A weekly assessment comprising of multiple choice questions should be implemented which would assess the current knowledge intake of the employees (Dimitriu 2015). There should also be one to one feedback sessions in order to learn the knowledge level of the employees. This would be helpful in discussing the progress of the employees and the identification of the further support which is required. This would also ensure that the existing training plans would be adjusted for the training as well as assessment. It is also important for the negotiation of the training as well as assessment. A practical monitoring process should be implemented which would assess the quality of the human resources interaction with the customers (M oore 2014). It is important to review as well as adjust the training plan based on the progress of the employees. Any required changes in the training plan should be agreed by all the parties. The monitoring data needs to be communicated to all the stakeholders. Expected Return on Investment (ROI) The service delivery process would involve certain amount of costs for the appropriate delivery of the training process. There are various direct costs associated with the training delivery such as cost of the training materials, cost of training venues, cost of auditorium, cost of training modules, cost of training software, cost of the training manuals, cost of the trainers, travel costs, accommodation costs of the participants and others (Duffield et al. 2014). There are indirect costs associated with the workers compensation, cost of temporary staff, administrative costs and the management time cost. The return of investment of the training module for ensuring customer service is 168%. The details are shown in the following table Define the anticipated benefits List anticipated costs Associated Costs ($) Educate the audience Cost of the training materials 45 Place for giving training Cost of training venues 215 Easy updation Cost of training software 850 Better understanding of the concepts Cost of the training manuals 70 Convenience and comfort of the outstation employees Accommodation costs 1000 Support for carrying out the training process Administrative costs 900 TOTAL 3080 Total Cost of Investment Net Profit Return on Investments $3080 $5200 168% Training support for participants The participants were provided adequate support during the delivery of the training (Shanley et al. 2017). The participants were selected based on the training needs. They were also supported during the actual conducting of the training. All the participants were engaged in one to one communication with the trainer so that their individual doubts and concerns can be taken care of. The SLA was also made clear to them so that there is no confusion regarding the same. Communication of service specifications The SLA should be well communicated to the audiences by fulfilling all the specifications (Cornelissen 2014). There should be transparent communications that should be maintained between the organization and its stakeholders. There must be selection of adequate communication channels such as meetings, conference calls, emails, newsletters and posters. The internal stakeholders should be communicated with the help of meetings, intranet, and posters. The external stakeholders should be communicated with the help of email and telephonic conversations. In the SLA, there must be the mention of the following key entities- Name of each party Roles as well as responsibilities of each party Scope of services Performance related targets Cost and return on investment Communication methods Resources required The ethical practices should be followed by adhering to honest and fair practices. It should consider the practices such as integrity, excellence, promotion of public interest and respect for the stakeholders (Bond 2015). Recommendations It is important to ensure that there is adherence to the service level agreement so that there is approval of the same. Stating the objectives of SLA Stating the service goal Determining the elements of SLA Specific applications, methods applied, customer responsibilities and service tracking Escalation procedures Contact resolution by IT service Reporting methods Determining the SLA contract period Conclusion The Reserve Bank of Australia is one of the most reputed financial institutions of Australia. This report analyzed the preparation and the implementation of service level agreement between the Bank and Training Council. The consultation with stakeholders is identified along with the focus of SLA. The relevant legislation is identified and the training delivery options. The implementation plan is also devised along with the monitoring of the service delivery. The expected ROI is done along with the training support of participants. The communication of service specifications along with the ethical aspects is done. The concluding part of the report would identify SLA. References Billett, S., Choy, S., Dymock, D., Smith, R., Henderson, A., Tyler, M. and Kelly, A., 2015. Towards More Effective Continuing Education and Training for Australian Workers.National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER). Bond, T., 2015.Standards and ethics for counselling in action. Sage. Cascio, W.F., 2014. Leveraging employer branding, performance management and human resource development to enhance employee retention. Cassidy, A., 2016.A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Clark, R.C. and Mayer, R.E., 2016.E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. John Wiley Sons. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment.Tourism Management,46, pp.419-430. Dimitriu, R., 2015. Vulnerability of Part Time Employees.Persp. Bus. LJ,4, p.111. Duffield, C.M., Roche, M.A., Homer, C., Buchan, J. and Dimitrelis, S., 2014. A comparative review of nurse turnover rates and costs across countries.Journal of advanced nursing,70(12), pp.2703-2712. Fit, J.O. and Guitart, J., 2014. Business-driven management of infrastructure-level risks in Cloud providers.Future Generation computer systems,32, pp.41-53. Kindstrm, D., Kowalkowski, C. and Sandberg, E., 2013. Enabling service innovation: A dynamic capabilities approach.Journal of business research,66(8), pp.1063-1073. Moore, C.W., 2014.The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Phillips, J.J. and Phillips, P.P., 2016.Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Punjaisri, K. and Wilson, A., 2017. The Role of Internal Branding in the Delivery of Employee Brand Promise. InAdvances in Corporate Branding(pp. 91-108). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rba.gov.au. 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au [Accessed 24 Jan. 2017]. Shanley, T.P., Calvin-Naylor, N.A., Divecha, R., Wartak, M.M., Blackwell, K., Davis, J.M., Ellerbeck, E.F., Kieburtz, K., Koziel, M.J., Luzuriaga, K. and Maddox, J., 2017. Enhancing Clinical Research Professionals Training and Qualifications (ECRPTQ): Recommendations for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training for investigators and study coordinators.Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, pp.1-8. Valentine, S.E., Bankoff, S.M., Poulin, R.M., Reidler, E.B. and Pantalone, D.W., 2015. The use of dialectical behavior therapy skills training as stand?alone treatment: A systematic review of the treatment outcome literature.Journal of clinical psychology,71(1), pp.1-20.