Human Rights and Social Skills Essay

Chairperson adjudicators, ladies and Gentlemen, welcome. The motion before the house this evening is that the internet does more harm than good, as a social media using teenager, the stereotypical opinion I would have on this matter would be that this statement is false, however ladies and gentleman, I am not a stereotypical teenager and I am of the opinion that the internet does indeed do more harm than good. The year is 2014, and the internet has seemingly taken over the world, the majority of the population of the world would claim that they wouldn’t be able to survive without the internet; in their eyes the internet can do no wrong. Ladies and gentlemen I’m afraid to inform you that they couldn’t be more delusional. In today’s society social skills are cast aside, and the internet is the main priority for most people. In my school for example at break times, the dining hall is as quite as funeral with young people’s heads stuck in iPhone and com puters. The sound of a good conversation is seldom found. Sadly ladies and gentlemen, this is the effect that the internet has had on our generation. I worry for some of my class mates when they decide to go to a job interview, they will stand no chance as the internet has deprived them of essential social skills required to succeed in the workplace, and in life. Secondly, in life we are blessed with certain rights, the right to water and the right to free speech and so on. But there is one right that he internet has clinched away from us, and this is the right of privacy. You don’t have to look back decades to see an incident of personal invasion through the internet. Just this year numerous celebrities computers were hacked and personal pictures and information was stolen. It sickens me to think we live in a world where we can’t have privacy. Internet hackings have sadly become all too common on the news and in the public domain. Banking for example, was once considered a safe and innocent act. Alas, its reputation has been tarnished by internet hackers. I myself have been affect by this as my own personal bank account has been hacked. I have never used the internet in the same way after that incident. It might seem farfetched ladies and gentlemen, and you might feel safe, but I warn you, the internet is not a safe place, and in my opinion it has done more harm than good to the lives of innocent people. Lastly, the internet hasn’t just harmed the lives of my age group; oh no it has negative effects on much more age categories as well. For example the  elderly and the very young. These groups of people are being all too easily led into a false sense of hope by internet scams. Deals on life assurance, fun seemingly ‘free’ online games are just some of the many examples of how the internet exploits these people. Too many countless innocent people have been left out of pocket after falling f or these internet scams. My mind is cast back to last year when a child in Dublin spent 347 euro on in- game purchases on the popular internet game candy crush. Unknowing to the child she consistently purchased in game accessories and bonuses to the total of 347 euros. I’d say her father was none too pleased and wanted to crush something other than candy! This is just one of thousands of examples of how people are exploited on the internet every day, thus proving that it does more harm than good. Alas ladies and gentlemen, I believe there is hope, if better safety sanctions and regulations are used I do believe the internet can become a helpful and beneficial resource for everyone to use. But until that day comes, I am positive that the internet does cause more harm than good . Thank you.

Curriculum Planning History Essay

Introduction Curriculum Planning History has several historical or political occurrences that have mostly influenced current curriculum design through various teaching styles and patterns. Educational communities shape and mold our society and society in turn impacts the curriculum. Majority of all stakeholders speak openly concerning their views today in hopes to persuade legislatures and school officials about decisions going forth or changing within school systems. In the last 10 years some of the most dramatically changes within curriculum in the schools has resulted due to the increasing number of US youth in school, the diversity of the US population, traditional classroom setting activities, increase in pre-kindergarten students beginning school, the likelihood of diminishing smaller schools, minimizing teacher/pupil ratios at a slow pace, technological future: and the future becoming technology, and who is left to teach becomes a critical question. The ELL laws and SIOP have impacted our educational communities’ curriculum development in both negative and positive ways. For example, some of the benefits of SIOP for non-ELL teachers are dramatic increase awareness in professional-development programs on how to teach English-language learners as a plus in the implementation of the law. Nevertheless, the No Child Left Behind Act could be thought of as a disadvantage more than a benefit to English-language learners, this belief is one of the few researchers who have studied the impact that the law has had on instruction. I personally believe in the NCLB Act and I was very much an advocate for the Act when it initially became effective. Also we must acknowledge the â€Å"gifted education† movement and how it identifies with the initial curriculum development both negatively and positively from its first implementations of similar development and specifications. Most Influential Historical/Political Occurrences The melting pot approach has interested educators in the integration of diversity. The melting pot approach was adopted in the 60s and 70s, soon quickly becoming known nationwide in the United States at the same time interacting with similar subjects of various cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Metaphoric speaking contents of the pot–people of different cultures, languages and religions are combined so as to lose their distinct identities resulting in a final product that is quite interesting but nothing like the normal consistency at start. Resulting in more multicultural, multiethnic and multi-religious societies it is important that curriculum understands and reflect these changes. As stated by Ornstein and Hunkins (1998), â€Å"the complexion of our students is changing from one colour to various shades of colour and this adding of colour and cultural diversity will continue into the foreseeable future† (p.146). As we continue to research our influential historical and political occurrences we take notice of the world changing into a global village. Society becoming even more diverse as people brings new values and new languages to assist in establishing a new way of life. Then there is the salad bowl approach where diversity is personified individually but all uniquely at the same time. In other words, take for instance the makeup of a salad where all ingredients (diverse backgrounds) maintain their own specific flavors. The salad bowl approach is better representation than the melting pot approach. It is politically correct to assume that Cultural diversity of pluralism demonstrates how most societal beliefs are made up of several voices and various races. This outline allows groups to show good manners and appreciation of each other; coexisting and interacting without issues. Society members usually more committed than not in participating and sharing the lead of power and decision making as history proves with this approach. ELL Laws and SIOP Impact Educators specializing in teaching English-language learners tend to be uncertain about the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Although, most have expressed that the 10-year-old plus law has shown concern for the handling of test results resulting from the criteria spelled out within the NCLB Act. It is evident that the challenges these students face has prompted an  increase in professional development, specifically for mainstream teachers. While acknowledging the ELL Laws are not clear about the instruction being more positive or negative overall. As English-learners’ test scores fall short many believe it is wrong to penalize schools. In addition to reviewing the ELL laws we must address the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol, or SIOP, defined as a model for teaching English and academic content simultaneously. For example, clearly written objectives content, clearly written language objectives, key vocabulary emphasized, various technique concepts usage to stress clarity, and providing many consistent opportunities for interactive teacher/student dialogue encouraging elaborated responses are some examples. For example, SIOP allows a teacher to implement various hands on teaching and training aids that can only assist in teaching the average ELL students at a more rapid pace. â€Å"Gifted Education† Movement Impact The â€Å"Gifted Education† curriculum has impacted education for at least twenty-five years or more with various issues. Therefore implementing and identifying key trends including values and substantial material for the elite, technological subject matter, aspects of creative interactive lesson plans for the academically skilled persons within core subject areas. It is obvious Passow’s flattering article on secondary programming was designed for the gifted student that was justifiably leveled between mental and influential areas. Passow’s model provided answers on creating a guide for tracking implementations and improvements that called for concerns about accepting one’s own beliefs and assisting others who you might not agree with. It was also centered morally and ethically with developmental stages in reality and emphasis on critical thinking and resolving problems, a stress on the liberal arts, and customized choices. Surely, Passow and VanTassel-Baska are advocates for Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate programs. Mentorships, internships, and independent study are all examples of why there is a need for more customized interactions. Conclusion Curriculum Planning History occurrences are dictated by the outcome of present and past societal decisions that have outweighed educational models  and theories across the nation in various educational communities. Curriculum Planning prepares students from past experiences to embrace the now and willingly reaches out and take on the future. In other words, a curriculum needs to address the wants and needs of everyone desiring to resolve social conditions locally, nationally and globally (McNeil, 1995). In the United States the number of school-age students will grow from more than 60 million in 2012 to possibly 80 million in 2050. However, it is extremely critical not to ignore or deny the possibilities the trends reveal. Therefore, we can hope â€Å"Trends† will best serve as a starting point where educators and facilities professionals come together to â€Å"think outside of the box,† to ask â€Å"what if,† to wonder â€Å"why can’t we,† and to â€Å"consider the unconsidered.† Flashing back on Chen, 20110, stating how open discussions of the potential impact of the trends on public education and its school structures will surely emerge new and exciting ideas. Undoubtedly, the roles of all stakeholders will be affected by a changing future. In conclusion, it has been proven that educators and educational specialists do continue to shape diverse futures. As an old favorite African proverb of mine reminds us; Tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today. A Collaborative Curriculum is created and necessary based on the circumstances and beliefs during that period of time. The collaboration is reflective of various political ideologies, societal predictions, divine beliefs and wisdom conceptions at a particular point in time. While there is great advancements in information and communication technology, administrators, teachers and students are expressing and gathering views globally. It has been seen in other school systems and majority of all stakeholders would like to see these practices in their own educational community. References: Ornstein, A. and Hunkins, F. Curriculum: Foundations, principle and issues. (1998). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Chapter 5: Social foundations of curriculum. Passow, A. H. (1986). Curriculum for the gifted and talented at the secondary level. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30, 186-191. [See Vol. 4, p. 103.] Stevenson, K. R., (September 2010). Educational Trends Shaping School Planning, Design, Construction, Funding, and Operation., National Clearing House For Educational Facilities www.files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539457.pdf Topic 3: Social Foundations of Curriculum peoplelearn.homestead.com/beduc/module_3.social.history.doc VanTassel-Baska, J., Zuo, L., Avery, L. D., & Little, C. A. (2002). A curriculum study of gifted-student learning in the language arts. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46(1), 30-44. [See Vol. 5.] VanTassel-Baska, J., (2003). Introduction to Curriculum for Gifted and Talented Students: A 25-Year Retrospective and Prospective. The College of William and Mary.

Apple versus PC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple versus PC - Essay Example With such distinctions being many questions have arisen in regards to which machine is truly superior. Through a consideration of a variety of components of each machine, this essay demonstrates why the Mac truly has higher quality than the PC. When consider computer technology one of the primary considerations that individuals make is in regards to cost. Oftentimes the Mac is derided in relation to the PC because of the significant cost differential between the two machines, with the Apple Macintosh generally costing a few hundred dollars more than the traditional PC. While these are valid complaints, ultimately they prove erroneous when one notes that the Macintoshes’ hardware warrants the cost differential. A recent study was conducted that compared the top of the line Dell Computer to the Apple Macbook Pro in terms of cost and efficiency. The study indicated that, Dell's Inspiron line doesn't currently offer processing power equaling that of the MacBook Pro. To get a 2.33- GHz Core 2 Duo processor (a 2.4-GHz version isn't available yet), you have to move up to Dell's more expensive XPS M1710 with Vista Home Premium. Once I did that, though, and tricked out the M1710 with only those extras it had to have to compete with the MacBook Pro, I was surprised to see the Dell come in at a whopping $3,459, some $650 more than the Apple product (Finnie). In these regards, the study indicates that when adding the same hardware technology to the PC that the Mac already has included, the Mac demonstrates significantly more value. This demonstrates that while ostensibly the PC is cheaper, in reality the Mac comes with significantly more value and quality. Another major consideration that one makes when considering the effectiveness of computer technology is the computer’s overall efficiency. Many PC users remain unfamiliar with the intricacies of computer technology and contend that the PC actually is a more efficient machine than the Mac. Still, when examini ng this question more thoroughly one discovers that in reality the Mac is a significantly more quality machine. Consider the parts that are used within the Mac as compared to the PC. A general qualitative investigation demonstrates that the Mac has a sleeker design that doesn’t bend and creek like PC plastic compartments. Another prominent element in terms of efficiency is the operating system. The PC only allows users the option of implementing Windows, while the Mac is equipped to run both Windows and OS X. This difference allows Mac users to tailor the operating system for the specific task, greatly improving computer quality and efficiency. It’s clear then that the Mac is better than the PC in terms of overall efficiency. A final consideration that is made regarding Mac and PC’s is within the realm of general useability. Oftentimes PC users claim that the Macintosh is an inferior product because it is purposely made more difficult to use as a means of differ entiating itself. In reality, this is an erroneous assumption and that Macintosh is an overall more useable machine. Consider a number of specific different between the computers. One of the major differences between the machines is the fast and effective boot time in the Apple. While having to wait an extra-minute or for a computer to load may seem like an insignificant problem, when this element is

Brand Management Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand Management Strategy - Essay Example Thus, a product may be a physical good (e.g., a cereal, tennis racquet, or automobile), service (e.g., an airline, bank, or insurance company), retail store (e.g., a department store, specialty store, or supermarket), person (e.g., a political figure, entertainer, or professional athlete), organization (e.g., a nonprofit organization, trade organization, or arts group), place (e.g., a city, state, or country), or idea (e.g., a political or social cause). Brands play a critical role in a firm's international marketing strategy. Coherent international brand architecture is a key component of the firm's overall international marketing strategy as it provides a framework to leverage strong brands into other markets, assimilate acquired brands, and rationalize the firm's international branding strategy. This paper aims at making a detailed analysis of the product portfolio of Coca Cola and determines the effectiveness of its brand strategies. Most discussion and research on branding, both in domestic or international markets focus on the equity or value associated with a brand name and the factors that create or are the underlying source of value (Aaker, 1996; Kapferer, 1997; Keller, 1998). Considerable attention has, for example, been devoted to examining about extending the value embodied in a brand and its equity to other products without resulting in dilution of value (Aaker and Keller, 1990). This interest has been stimulated in part by the increasing market power and value associated with a strong brand and in part by the prohibitive costs of launching a successful new brand. In international markets, interest has been centered on global branding - defining the meaning of a global brand, discussing the advantages and pitfalls, and the conditions under which building a global brand is most likely to be successful (Roth, 1995a, b; Quelch, 1999). While this focus is appropriate for a relatively few high profile brands such as Coca-Cola, it ignores the complexity of the issues faced by the vast majority of multinational firms who own a variety of national, regional and international brands, at different levels in the organization, spanning a broad range of diverse country markets. Typically, these brands differ in their strength, associations, target market and the range of products covered, both within and across markets. Equally the use of brands at different organizational levels may vary from company to company. Research of Brand Portfolio Coca-Cola is the manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups across the globe. They also manufacture, distribute and market some finished beverages. Along with Coca-Cola, which is recognized as the world's most valuable brand, they market four of the world's top five soft drink brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. The Company owns or licenses more than 400 brands, including carbonated soft drinks, juice and juice drinks, sports drinks, water products, teas, coffees and other beverages to meet consumers' desires, needs and lifestyle choices. More than 1.3 billion servings

Recruitment and Staff Selection (Moduel 3 case) Essay

Recruitment and Staff Selection (Moduel 3 case) - Essay Example The method in which the hiring process is conducted and the resulting decision made will have a lasting effect on the hospital. The hospital has a policy which requires all members in the senior management team to engage in ethical practices. They are also required to make effective hiring decisions based on ideal legal and ethical hiring practices. Most of the work in a hospital is funded either directly or indirectly by outside agencies. This aspect makes Mintville Memorial hospital to be generally obliged to comply with outlined regulations regarding hiring and recruitment. All members of the health organization should be fully conversant with federal and state laws on hiring practices. It is the responsibility of the Human Resource to monitor the hiring process and promulgate procedures which will be followed by the supervisor (Calvasina, et.al, 2007). This will ensure the hiring process is fair as the supervisor will be obliged to follow the appropriate process to ensure the right candidate fills the vacant position in the morning shift. The Human Resource supervisor should review the interview and application process to ensure all applications are analyzed and a candidate is chosen based on the analysis. Organizations have outlined appropriate steps which have to be followed in processes of staff hiring. These steps have been developed to provide logical and coordinated sequence of events. The supervisor will be required to follow these steps in the hiring process since choosing her own candidate may cause confusion or legal difficulties for Mintville Memorial Hospital. Employment equity was introduced by the government to ensure all individuals have access to equal opportunities in the work place. Employment equity is consistent with the human rights legislation and it recognizes the value of each individual in the work place. It therefore ensures each individual has genuine and open access to

The Financial benefits of employee training and development Essay

The Financial benefits of employee training and development - Essay Example Additionally, the turnover also affects the profit maximization tendencies in the organization. The labor turnover can be reduced by ensuring employee stability and decreasing the entry and exit of employees. Training and development of the employees decreases the labor turnover rates. It will make sure that human resource department has a constant rate of hiring and firing. Training the employees will reduce the chances of firing since they will be competent in their jobs. Additionally, the development process will prevent employee productivity. Investing in the present employees will cause the firm to reduce the turnover. It will include hiring professionals who ensure perfection in their work. As a result, providing practical and theoretical training to professionals is advantageous to the firm in terms of cost and employee comprehension levels. For example, when an organization hires professional, the knowledge provided to them during training will be used to firms advantage. The vetting processes should be strict to ensure the division of labor. Additionally, the specialization helps in the training processes because experts can be hired based on the various divisions of labor (Saks, Robert and Jack 51). Training and development will ensure the employees are coached and equipped with current market trends. The employees can socialize and form groups at the workplace; hence, increasing the productivity and reducing labor turnover. Training emphasizes on extra skills in specific job descriptions. The expertise, on the other hand, will increase self-confidence in the employees helping them in handling the allocated roles. As a result, the human resource department will be satisfied with the current labor and eliminate cases of employee exits that may cause a firm extra resource. Development will have an impact on the professionalism of

Managing the Safety Function and Psychology and Safety Essay

Managing the Safety Function and Psychology and Safety - Essay Example In terms of directing, safety practitioners do not lead organizations directly but need financial and staff support to implement their safety decisions (Lecture Notes). Finally, some safety directors do have authority to hire staff and, if that is the case, safety officers must ensure legal and regulatory compliance and develop explicit job descriptions (Lecture Notes). The benefits and limitations of safety incentive programs have been described in abundance. Basically, positive feedback and rewards are claimed to reinforce safe behaviors and, consequentially, enhance safety performance in the workplace (Goodrum & Gangwar 24). Simultaneously, safety incentive programs may not provide long-term safety improvements. The fact is that the relationship between incentives and safety behaviors is misleading: as soon as these programs end, the quality of safety behaviors falls below original levels (Goodrum & Gangwar 24). Finally, safety incentive programs often become an object of serious concern, as they drive underreporting of incidents: employees do not report safety incidents and failures in order to qualify for rewards (Goodrum & Gangwar 24). Unfortunately some people prefer to hide the fact of failure in order not to spoil their own reputation. At the same time they do not think about harm that such underreporting may cause. Such cases cause a lot of problems for many modern organizations. Underreporting of incidents is dangerous practice that sometimes leads to undesired results: some unreported incidents may create danger for employees who concealed the fact and their colleges. So, safety managers must take this fact into account while creating safety incentive programs in order to prevent case in which underreporting of incidents take place. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a common instrument of management and safety management

William Shakespeare's Sonnet 116 Let me not to the marriage of true Essay

William Shakespeare's Sonnet 116 Let me not to the marriage of true minds - Essay Example He talked about true love only, the words True Mind in his sonnet represents that he is talking about truth, not about the physical elements of love. He says that any love which alters with time is not a true love. Symbolism can be done through color and objects in the poems. Sonnet 116 is a famous work of Shakespeare. It was published in 1609. This is not different than other traditional work of Shakespeare. He writes a lot about love, even in this sonnet he challenged people that if love is nothing then it means a human being is never loved in any form. He is a great supporter of love and peace. He talks about the existence of true love. According to him true love is not the one which changes its shape with time, it can alter it frequencies only but not its essence. The sonnet 116 is not an emotional work but it is a careful one. The emotions are controlled, the sonnet is not emotional but the tone is quite mature and careful. According to philosophers, sonnet 116 has universal sig nificance because it is an intelligent work. Shakespeare used imagery, metaphor elements, personification and essence in his sonnets. His work is antithesis, he writes freely. It takes a lot consideration and deep attention to understand his work. The words are expressed openly and sometimes seem meaningless unless an effort is not put to understand them. The order of writing is scattered. In most of the Sonnets Shakespeare talked about some lady, sometimes by making imagery of dark eyes and sometimes by making imagery of rosy lips as he did in Sonnet 116. According to the imagery point of view, the language is not very clear or appreciable. The metaphoric elements are very vague. He presented love as a guideline to life, but the metaphors are very complicated. Nor no man and wandering bark are the examples of vague symbolism. The time attack is very prominent in the sonnet 116. The poet wrote that â€Å"love alters not with his brief hours and week† and he wrote â€Å"Love' s not Time's Fool†. This means that he is talking about past, present and future, he is taking love as guideline of life which is there in heart in all time periods. The poet does not give any importance of physical appearance and beauty; according to him love is much more than that. He wrote love is not a foolish act of time whereas rosy lips are temporary. Every-fixed marked is referred to the sea light in the sea for the help of the sea ships. The poet is symbolizing the love with a star that’s worth unknown because star’s distance cannot be measured and so thus the size of the star. Edge of doom refers to the doomsdays and poet tries to say that everyone has to die but do not die without love. Must enjoy the merrily situation of love and true marriage. The symbolism elusiveness is very much in attendance in the very first language. He might have talked about the hindrances/impediments firstly and then about the marriage. The poet is symbolizing that the marri age of true mind lacks when there is no love present between two hearts. Sex element is no doubt strong in the writing but it is a division of love, it is temporary or momentary. According to the poet, any marriage which takes place when there are true spirits involved in the one which lasts forever. No time and trouble can challenge the strongest of the bond of marriage. The poet described both the conditions when love exists and when love does not exist. According to him, a successful love does not forget its true direction even in stormy weather and lost ways, he used imagery of wandering barks which are lost ships. He described that love is such a strong feeling that any toughness does not let it go whereas in the very next lines he

Personality Tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personality Tests - Essay Example note about these traits however is that they are theoretical and statistical in nature and exceptions can and often do exist within people and their personality make up and how they are actually tested. Different situational exceptions to the personality traits may also happen. Because of this it is totally inappropriate for a business to only look at a potential candidate’s personality profile, as that may not give a one hundred percent picture of who they really are. The profile could paint one picture, and then the person could in theory be different in the given work situation, and the employer would have given them no chance to test so. Also, totally ignoring the person’s past experience is completely absurd. The person’s past experience would be the most useful tool in helping to determine if they were a strong candidate or not, instead of relying on statistical numbers that might not truly represent how a person works. After looking and thinking hard about the levels of moral development I have decided that I am currently at the first step of the second level, still working on the good boy good girl attitude mind set. I find myself constantly trying to fit into different social conditions, and become very upset when people judge my roles in them harshly, and I am not feeling the fairness of how society is judging me. I also try to keep up the good boy image, and work as best I can to fit into what I believe is the different roles society has for me. I also believe that this adherence to try to keep within social norms has affected many of my decisions lately. I often find myself doing whatever is asked of me by whoever asked it, as I do not want to let them down and I feel I must do it to be found acceptable. I think this is because of the level of moral development I am at, and that I feel I must do these things to be able to be judge on good terms with that person. The relationships in my life have always become very important lately, as has

Effective Research and Writing Essay Example for Free

Effective Research and Writing Essay To be successful in the new market segment, our team must efficiently accomplish the goals set by the company. A leadership approach for each team member was developed based on the theories of leadership and each members individual personality. Marie and Teresas Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Marie and Teresa possess extroverted, intuitive, feeling, and perceiving attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment,† n.d.). They are people-oriented, creative, and highly optimistic. They are motivated by interactions with people and enjoy a large social circle of acquaintances that require social situations to fuel their energy. Their personalities tend to focus their attention on the big picture rather than the details and prefer to have different options should circumstances change. They respond to the need for urgency to accomplish goals and they value proactivity to become a successful part of the group. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead them by using a democratic and participative style of leadership successfully. I will make sure to involve them in my decision-making process, delegate authority, and encourage their feedback. I will also use a transformational approach because of their need to be connected to their leader and their feeling of reaching their optimal potential in the workplace. Jims Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Jim possesses extroverted, sensing, thinking, and judging attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment, n.d.). He is realistic, logical, analytical, decisive, and has a natural head for business or mechanics. He is also motivated by interactions with people and requires social situations to fuel his energy. His personality tends to focus on the details rather than the big picture and prefers logical considerations over social ones when making decisions. He is a planner and he gains influence through predictability. He focuses on immediate outlooks rather than future possibilities. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead him by using a democratic and participative style of leadership. I will make sure to involve him in my decision making process, delegate authority, and encourage his feedback. I will also use a contingency style of leadership that focuses on task orientation because of his need to organize and run things in a business. His motivation for urgency will be emulated through his realistic expectations and attaining goals based on analytical and decisive approaches. Marys Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Missy possesses extroverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment, n.d.). She is charismatic, compassionate, and highly persuasive. She is also motivated by interactions with people and enjoys a large social circle of acquaintances that requires social situations to fuel her energy. Her personality tends to be more conceptual than practical and she values personal considerations over criteria that are objective. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead her by using a democratic and participative style of leadership. I will make sure to involve her in my decision making process, delegate authority, and encourage her feedback. She tends to plan her activities and possesses outstanding time management skills, so her sense of urgency to complete a task is high. I will also use a charismatic-visionary style of leadership that allows me to articulate the vision and be willing to take risks to achieve it (Robbins Coulter, 2012). Ricks Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Steve possesses introverted, intuitive, thinking, and perceiving attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment, n.d.). He is socially cautious, enjoys problem solving, and is highly conceptual. He prefers interacting with a small group of friends because of his tendency to be quiet and reserved. He is a planner who gains influence through predictability and focuses on future possibilities rather than immediate outlooks. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead him by using a laissez-faire style of leadership because it will allow him to make his own decisions because he has little regard for titles. His tendency to withhold judgment and his delay of making important decisions can create a challenge when deadlines need to be met. His personality prefers to work alone because of his need for independence, so I will be able to manage him effectively when I make sure that his competencies match his interests. By adjusting my leadership style to conform to each member’s personality, I am confident that my team will efficiently accomplish the goals set by the company. Our new department will be effective in the new market segment and fulfill the company’s strategic plan.

Differences in Grid and Air Gap Techniques

Differences in Grid and Air Gap Techniques Introduction In this chapter, a literature review was carried out so that adequate information about the differences in grid and air-gap technique could be gathered with emphasis on why these techniques are important in plain radiography of the lateral hip. These two techniques will be analysed to explain better the acquisition of the image. Both techniques will be compared and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. This was done by means of radiography books and journals. Where, possible primary sources of information were chosen. However, original studies could not always be obtained and secondary sources had to be considered. The use of the internet was also important as it served as a source for and access to relevant articles. Related literature was mainly sourced using the online data bases of EBSCO ®, CINHAL ® and Pubmed ® as well as the Institute of Health Cares library and facilities. Image quality Image quality refers to the ability to view the anatomical structure under study with precision and which makes it possible to identify and spot any abnormalities (Bushong, 2008). The quality of the image depends on several physical and physiological factors and this makes it hard to measure. Image quality; Is defined in radiological terminology as the relationship between the structures of a test sample to be irradiated with x-rays and the parameters of its visualisation (Hertrich, 2005, pg.244) According to Bushong (2008), the most important factors that improve or degrade image quality are contrast resolution, spatial resolution, noise and artefacts. Image quality cannot be measured in a precise way since the quality of radiographs is hard to define (Bushong, 2008). In digital radiography (DR) the image quality depends on a number of characteristics that can change the viewing experience. One of these factors is frequency, which is a measure of the total amount of contrast within the image. This characteristic depends on the raw data (x-ray energy) that the imaging detector absorbs. The frequency of the image is represented by different grey scale levels that show the density of a particular part of the anatomical structure. This is how contrast is affected. A high contrast image has high frequency due to the amount of x-ray photons absorbed (Carlton Adler, 2006). Image quality is also subjective and depends on the viewer (Sherer et al., 2006). Different people may need to alter the quality of the image by increasing or reducing the contrast or by changing the sharpness of the image depending on their individual visual abilities (Dendy Heaton, 2003). Dendy and Heaton (2003) argue that image quality also depends on the display system and the way the image is produced. The authors further argue that room lighting also affects image quality and might also diminish image quality. Image contrast Image contrast refers to the difference in densities between adjacent anatomical structures. The amount of contrast produced on an image depends on the structural characteristic of the anatomical part of the body as well as the characteristics of the x-ray beam when it penetrates the patients body. Contrast depends on the attenuations within the patients body due to different densities in various parts of the body. The higher the difference in densities, the higher is the contrast (Sherer et al., 2006). However, small changes in densities of structures would not be detected on a high contrast image since high contrast does not have a great enough exposure latitude to give several shades of grey in the image (Bushong, 2008). This means that having high contrast in an image does not necessarily mean that it is optimal for every radiographic examination. Having low contrast means that better contrast resolution is produced and this gives the viewer the ability to differentiate between a natomical structures that have similar densities. This is why contrast is a very crucial factor in image quality (Oakley, 2003). Scattered radiation affects image contrast and the characteristics of the receptor and display system. The anatomical detail and contrast of small anatomical structures may also be reduced due to image blurring (Carlton Adler, 2006). Noise Noise affects the images contrast resolution and the detail seen in the image. Like audio noise and video noise, radiographic noise is caused by weak signals in areas of the image (Oakley, 2003). The lower the noise the better the contrast resolution and so image quality is better. According to Bushong (2008), there are four main components that affect radiographic noise. These are graininess, structure mottle, quantum mottle and scatter radiation. Graininess and structure mottle cannot be controlled by the radiographer since they are dependent on the image receptor. However, the radiographer can use several techniques and exposure factors to improve image quality and reduce the noise as much as possible depending on the subject under examination. Penetration energy of the x-ray photons (kV) can be increased in subjects that are obese and that are having thick areas of their bodies irradiated. Quantum mottle is also a very important characteristic in defining noise. Bushong (2008) ex plains that quantum mottle depends on the amounts of x-rays that are exposed and absorbed by the image detector. When few x-rays react with the receptor the resultant image will appear mottled. However, when more x-rays are absorbed by the detector, the image will appear smooth. Noise can be calculated by measuring the signal-to noise ratio of the image (Bushong, 2008). If not enough x-ray photons reach the detector, the image is said to be under-exposed, resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio. However, a high signal-to-noise ratio is achieved if the right radiographic technique is used with the right exposure factors (Bushong, 2008). Spatial Resolution Spatial resolution is a term used in imaging that refers to the resolution of a radiograph. Having a high resolution means that more detail can be seen and detected on the image. Spatial resolution is a very important performance indicator in radiography. Quality control phantoms are used to check the spatial resolution and contrast of an imaging system. Spatial resolution relies on spatial frequency and this quantity could be calculated by seeing the number of line pairs per millimetre (Lp/mm). These line pairs are dark and white lines that are used to assess the resolution of an image. Detail is very important in radiography since outlines of tissues, organs and specific pathologies need to be sharp and detailed. High spatial resolution is also important when assessing for subtle fractures like scaphoid fractures which could easily be missed if the radiograph is not sharp enough (Bushong, 2008). Scatter Radiation When x-ray irradiation encounters matter, some photons pass unimpeded reaching the image receptor whereas other photons are completely absorbed since the energy of the primary x-ray beam is deposited within the atoms comprising the tissue. This absorption interaction of x-ray photons with matter is known as the photoelectric effect (Fauber, et al, 2009). This photoelectric effect is dependent on the matter and its effect decreases rapidly with increasing photon energy (Dendy Heaton 2003). Scatter radiation is made up of photons that are not absorbed but instead lose their energy during interactions with the atoms making up the tissue (Fauber, et al, 2009). This scattering effect is known as the Compton effect (Carlton and Adler, 2006). This happens when the incoming photon interacts with matter and loses energy. This will make the photon change direction and it may leave the anatomic part to interact with the image receptor (Fauber et al, 2009). Scattered low- photon energy reduces the contrast on the final radiograph and is also highly hazardous for patients and staff due to its changed direction and low energy from the primary beam (Dendy Heaton, 2003). Scatter Reduction As explained above, scatter radiation is produced during a Compton interaction in which a primary photon interacts with an atom of the patients body and loses its speed and direction. Scatter is produced mainly in the patient due to the variable attenuation and densities of the different organs in the body and this could be controlled by using anti-scatter techniques and the right exposure factors. Consequently the radiographer should use the adequate technique and exposure factors to reduce the radiation produced within the patients body. Carlton and Adler (2006) argue that when the energy of the primary beam is increased there is a higher chance for the photons to undergo the Compton interaction. This means that the higher the energy given to the photons (kV) the more likely it is that there is Compton interaction with the bodys atoms, therefore creating more scatter radiation and a decline in radiographic contrast (Bushong, 2008; Carlton Adler, 2006). However, Shah, Hassan Newma n (1996) think otherwise. In their study they stressed the effectiveness of anti-scatter techniques on image contrast and concluded that the influence of kV on scatter production is small. The authors further stated that the improvement in contrast that occurs when the kV is lowered is usually due to an increased subject contrast since less scatter reaches the film. Carlton and Adler (2006) also gave importance to the size of the area of body being irradiated. They suggested that by decreasing the area of irradiation as well as applying compression, scatter radiation reaching the detector could be significantly reduced. Using this technique Shah, Hassan and Newman (1996) noted a decrease in the dose area product (DAP) when decreasing the area of irradiation, therefore lowering the risk of increasing patient dose. Anti-scatter techniques Anti-scatter techniques are radiographic techniques that make use of devices or applications such as grids and air gaps so that scatter radiation is absorbed or deviated from reaching the image detector. These anti-scatter techniques help in reducing patient dose as well as improving the quality of the radiographic image. The two main techniques relevant with this study are explained and analysed in the following sub-sections. Grid Technique Grids are used in radiography to protect the image detector from scatter radiation. Scatter radiation degrades the quality of the image and may lead to loss of anatomical detail and information (Sherer et al., 2006). Anti-scatter grids are made up of parallel radio opaque strips with a low-attenuation material interspacing the strips (Sherer et al., 2006). The most commonly used interspaced materials are aluminium and carbon fibre (Court Yamazaki, 2004). The main function of these anti-scatter grids is contrast improvement. According to Carlton Adler (2006), the most effective way to see how well a grid is performing is by measuring the contrast improvement factor. The contrast improvement factor measures the ability of a grid to improve contrast. This factor is affected by the volume of tissue irradiated and by the kV. If the amount of scatter radiation increases, the contrast of the image will be reduced, therefore reducing the contrast improvement factor. This is calculated usin g the following formula: K= Radiographic Contrast with the grid/Radiographic contrast without the grid (Carlton Adler, 2006, pg.263) The higher the contrast improvement factor the higher is the contrast improvement. However, Court and Yamazaki (2004) argue that since contrast can be digitally altered in digital radiography, it is best to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the image. This is especially useful in cases where there is low object contrast. The interspaced material separating the lead grid lines is also very important in monitoring the functionality of a grid. In the study performed by Court and Yamazaki (2004) it was concluded that aluminium has a higher atomic number than carbon fibre and so it absorbs more low energy scatter radiation. However, aluminium also absorbs some of the primary photons therefore increasing patient dose. Alternatively, carbon fibre absorbs less primary radiation than aluminium (Court Yamazaki, 2004). Grid ratio is also an important factor to consider in improving image quality especially image contrast. The grid ratio is obtained by dividing the height of the strips by the strip separation. As the grid ratio affects the rate of scatter to that reaching the detector it is instrumental in improving image contrast (Dendy Heaton, 2003). There are principally two types of grids, linear grids (parallel grids) and focused linear grids (Fauber, 2009). Both types have their own advantages and disadvantages. Parallel grids are made up of linear lead strips with low-density material interspacing them and are parallel to each other. This variety of grids produces grid cut-off at lateral edges since they do not coincide with the oblique divergences of the beam (Dendy Heaton, 2003; Fauber, 2009). It is also essential that these grids are positioned correctly, perpendicular to the central ray of the primary beam. If this is done incorrectly, there will be grid cut-off and the lead strips will absorb a lot of the primary beam which will show up on the image (Dendy Heaton, 2003). This will result in image deterioration and in the patient receiving an extra dose of radiation when repeating the exposure. The focused grids, however, are designed in such a way that it allows the lead strips to be gradually angled moving away from t he central axis. Although these grids are designed to eliminate the cut-off on the lateral sides, they still have to be used at a specific focus to image distance (FID) depending on the type of grid being used (Dendy Heaton, 2003). Although grids are used to improve image contrast and reduce scatter reaching the detector, this is at the expense of a high radiation dose to the patient. This happens because the mAs has to be increased when using the grid. This is necessary in order to compensate the primary beam photons absorbed by the grid (Carlton Adler, 2006). Air-gap Technique The air gap technique is an alternative technique used to reduce the amount of scatter reaching the detector. By employing an air-gap technique between the patient and the image detector, the energy of the scattered photons decreases especially in the first tens of centimetres due to the large divergence of the beam (Ball Price, 1995). The primary radiation is not affected or reduced, since at this stage the primary beam is almost parallel to the detector (Ball Price, 1995). When the air-gap technique is used, the object to image distance (OID) is increased, which may produce some magnification (Sherer et al., 2006). Anti-scatter techniques are important in reducing low energy radiation reaching the detectors. However, the primary beam should not be deflected or disrupted so that the image acquisition and image quality is not affected (Fauber, 2009).When the grid technique is employed, the grid lines are unable to discriminate between the primary radiation and the scattered radiation and so this could lead to grid cut-off and grid lines may appear on the image (Maynard, 1981). Maynard (1981) argues that with the use of an air-gap the image quality and diagnostic quality of many projections improves. A study by Karoll et al. (1985) analysed the patient dose when the air-gap was employed compared to when the grid was used. In this study the air gap was employed in a digital subtraction examination. Karoll et al. (1985) reported that by using the air gap technique the mA could be lowered without losing spatial resolution. The results of this study were remarkable as the air gap technique allowed 25% to 88% reduction on the mA without increasing the kV or the time of exposure (Karoll et al., 1985). This meant that patient dose was reduced since the mA was lowered and so the patient was irradiated less. Although this study is 25 years old, it is still valid since in direct digital radiography, windowing has given the radiographer the possibility to reduce the exposure factors to a certain limit while still obtaining a good diagnostic image. This means that patient dose could be lowered. Both grid and air-gap technique were studied and compared to assess patient dose by Kottomasu and Kulms (1997). The authors concluded that the air-gap improves musculoskeletal digital imaging without an increase in skin entrance dose. According to Kottomasu and Kulms (1997), this happened since the scattered photons had less energy once diverged by the patient; they were deflected and did not have enough energy to reach the image detector (Kottomasu Kulms, 1997). Barall (2004) also suggested that when employing the air-gap technique the radiographer should apply inverse square law by increasing the SID and applying tighter collimation. This will ensure the highest decrease in patient dose possible (Barall, 2004). The increase in SID could enable a better use of the air gap while reducing magnification by keeping the source to object distant (OID) constant. In relation to the horizontal beam lateral hip projection, there is a reduction in dose and a good diagnostic resultant image wh en compared with the grid technique (Barall, 2004). Trimble (2000) concluded that imaging the thoracic spine without a grid was possible in children and adults of small size. In this study a significant dose reduction was noted and therefore on this basis, imaging the hip laterally using a horizontal beam and applying the air-gap technique instead of the grid may also result in a reduction of patient dose as opposed to using the grid technique. Digital radiography Radiography has been revolutionised and developed throughout the years from screen film (SF) radiography a high quality digital system has evolved (Oakley, 2003). With the introduction of digital imaging systems, image quality characteristics have improved. The process of image formation in DR is similar as in SF. The image is first generated, then processed, archived and presented. Instead of films, DR uses detectors which when exposed to x-ray radiation absorb this irradiated energy which is then transformed into electrical charges, recorded, digitized and configured into different grey scales (Dendy Heaton, 2003). The grey scales presented on the produced image represent the amount of x-ray photons absorbed by the detector. A big advantage in digital radiography is image manipulation post-processing. While viewing the image, the radiographer can zoom in or out, change the greyscale as well as use measuring tools. Another great advantage of DR over SF is that images can be stored safely and archived. This solves the problem of films being lost and enables future reference of the images (Carlton Adler, 2006). There are two types of digital imaging systems: computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DR). In computed radiography imaging plates containing photostimuable crystals are used, which absorb the x-ray energy and store it temporarily (Kà ¶rner et al., 2007). Processing involves scanning the detective layer pixel by pixel using a high energy laser-beam of a specific wave-length. Since the exposed photon energies are only stored temporarily in the detective layer, the read-out process should start immediately after exposure. This is mainly because the amount of energy stored in these crystals decreases over time. Although this is a big step from screen-film (SF), spatial resolution in CR may decrease if viewing monitors are not of the appropriate resolution (Kà ¶rner et al., 2007). Direct digital radiographic systems use a photoconductor directly converting x-ray photons to electrical charges, once the photons are absorbed. The most common material used as a photoconductor in industry is amorphous selenium. This material has a high intrinsic spatial resolution. However, the material of the detector does not affect the pixel size, matrix and spatial resolution of the detector (Dendy Heaton, 2003). These are affected by recording and read out devices used. Therefore image processing in DR is as important as in SF and CR. In DR image processing is used primarily to improve the image quality by removing technical artefacts, optimising the contrast and reducing the noise (Dendy Heaton, 2003). Radiation Dose The transition from SF to DR has also changed the radiation dose that the patient gets from an x-ray exposure. Radiation dose is the amount of radiation absorbed by the patient due to a radiation exposure (Carlton Adler, 2006). In SF radiography the dynamic range of the receptor (film) is relatively low and so it only detects specific exposures that lie within its parameters. However, in DR the digital receptor can detect a wide range of exposures. This means that a slightly underexposed or overexposed image is acceptable since image quality can be altered using windowing. Therefore in DR the radiation dose could be kept relatively low when compared to SF while still producing a good diagnostic image. This could also work the other way when patients are overexposed to radiation due to the wide dynamic range of the receptors. The ALARA concept is based on the theory that there is no safe dose of radiation using any kind of irradiation or radioactive material (The Ionising Radiation [ Medical Exposure] Regulations, 2000/2007 The Medical Exposure Directive 97/43/Euratom). In this way individuals internal and external exposure to radiation is kept to a minimum. This principle does not only address radiation used in medicine but also social, technical and economic considerations of use of radiation. This principle also takes into consideration the time of exposure of radiation, filtration, and appropriate materials selected to minimise radioactivity depositing on surfaces. This also ensures the safe disposal of materials containing radioactivity such as needles used in nuclear medicine (The Ionising Radiation [Medical Exposure] Regulations, 2000/2007, The Medical Exposure Directive 97/43/Euratom). The use of ionising radiation should be monitored and used carefully to ensure as low a dose exposure as is reasonably achievable to the patient while at the same time producing an image of high diagnostic quality. Relative Literature The latest literature reviewed in relation to this dissertation was that of Flinthman (2006) who assessed thirty-five horizontal beam lateral hip radiographs for image quality. Nineteen of the cases were performed using the air-gap technique whereas sixteen using the grid technique. Several radiologists and radiographers were asked to evaluate the images. It was found that the air-gap was of higher image quality than the grid technique (Flinthman, 2006). In Flinthmans study several persons were asked to evaluate an uneven number of cases that were meant to be compared regarding the technique used to obtain the radiographs. According to Flinthman (2006) it is more important to have a small group of people evaluating the radiographs. This is because the results could be more specific and more reliable (Flinthman, 2006). A limitation of this study is that Flinthman (2006) did not use the same subjects in both techniques to achieve his results and so it is harder to attain valid and conc lusive results that could be applied in a clinical setting. A similar study comparing the grid and air-gap technique was conducted by Persliden and Carlsson (1997). Persliden and Carlsson (1997) studied scatter reduction using the air-gap and the grid technique. This study investigated the effect of the air-gap technique over the imaging plate and demonstrated the positional variation of scattered radiation (Persliden Carlsson, 1997). The authors concluded that by using the air-gap technique, the patient irradiation was lowered. Persliden and Carlsson (1997) argued that even field size and patient thickness greatly affected the use of the air-gap. As well as Persliden and Carlsson (1997), Trimble (2000) looked and assessed image quality of lateral thoracic spine radiographs and chest radiographs. These examinations were both done using the grid technique and the air-gap technique. Trimble (2000) found it important to have a large sample of subjects while keeping the specialists evaluating the images small. Trimbles study resulted in the air-gap being better for high image quality than the grid. Similiar to this study, Gouldings study (2006) who looked at image quality in lateral hip radiography when using both grid and air gap technique. The radiographs were obtained from the accident and emergency department Goulding (2006) worked in, where radiographers performed lateral hip shoot through examinations using their preferred air gap or grid technique. Goulding (2006) took a sample from the recorded examinations of both techniques. The researcher excluded examinations with an exposure of 100 mAs or more as well as any duplicate patient numbers due to re-assessment as well as those examinations that used both air gap and grid technique in the same examination as this signified a very large patient. Goulding (2006) compared the sampled gird and air gap radiographs after reporting radiographers evaluated five areas on each radiograph, chosen by the researcher. The radiographers had to score each area from one to five where one is poor and five is optimum. It resulted that the a ir gap technique had improved image quality more than the grid technique. A limitation of this study was, however, that the patients used to test for both techniques were not the same, and so this could have meant that the results were not totally reliable since patient size and exposure factors were not constant but varied depending on each examination. Conclusion The literature reviewed in this chapter has explored furthermore the roles of the air-gap and grid technique in imaging. It has also analysed the effect of scatter radiation and ways to reduce this in order to improve radiographic image quality while limiting the radiation dose to the patient as much as possible. Several studies were reviewed and analysed and will help to improve this experimental research. Some studies that are similar to this study were reviewed and discussed. In the next chapter, a description of the research design used in this study will be presented.

civil war :: essays research papers

The first major land battle was fought at Bull Run in Virginia in 1861. The men who were soldiers in these armies were volunteers who chose to go to war. They wanted to win a quick victory but instead found that there was a lot of marching and drill, living outdoors, disease, bad weather, and boredom. Where did all the soldiers who fought at Gettysburg come from? Why did they choose to go to war? How were the armies different? How were they so much alike? Just who were "Billy Yank" and "Johnny Reb"?Welcome! You're probably here because you are curious about our nation's past and the Civil War. At Gettysburg National Military Park, it is the ranger-historian's job to study this controversial time in our nation's history and provide an explanation, or interpretation, of these events to park visitors. Sound interesting? Well, it is! Explore these pages and see if you have what it takes to be a junior historian! What started the Civil War? The Civil War did not begin at Gettysburg. It began in 1861 when Southern states declared themselves independent by secession and formed the Confederacy. The United States was split in half and a terrible Civil War was the result. What Caused the Civil War? The first major land battle was fought at Bull Run in Virginia in 1861. The men who were soldiers in these armies were volunteers who chose to go to war. They wanted to win a quick victory but instead found that there was a lot of marching and drill, living outdoors, disease, bad weather, and boredom. Where did all the soldiers who fought at Gettysburg come from? Why did they choose to go to war? How were the armies different? How were they so much alike? Just who were "Billy Yank" and "Johnny Reb"? 1863 was the most critical year of the Civil War and for the hopes of the Confederacy. For two years, the Union and Confederate armies in the east battled with each other in Virginia and in Maryland. Confederate General Robert E. Lee advised Confederate president Jefferson Davis that the time was right to invade the North that summer. In June, almost 78,000 Confederates made their way northward into Pennsylvania with the support of southern leaders filled with high hopes that another victory would ensure independence for the South. Their hopes were dashed at the Battle of Gettysburg, which took place during the first three days of July 1863.

Respresentation of Lolita in Society :: Essays Papers

Respresentation of Lolita in Society Lolita represents the manifested "id" in all of us. Since her creation, she has remained an anomaly of outrage and disgust, yet, unconsciously, she is the greatest sex symbol of all times. We all crave to be the "nymphet", yet society does not accept a middle aged woman running around with pigtails and a lollipop dangling from their mouth. Middle aged women envy the nymphet in her baby-doll dress, her innocent smile, and a body that is milky-clean and flawless. They want this back, they want the firm buttocks that once was cellulite-free, and the pink in their cheeks without the necessary application of Revlon rouge. So, what does the society of middle aged women do, they rely on the image of this "nymphet" to replace the tension and frustration of their own aging. This is "Lolita". She is the symbol of society that is post-adolescent. We become her pupils and spectators. She is the creature that every father loves because the innocence has not yet been touched. She is the creature w ho has the eyes of an angel and the hair of an unbleached blonde. Yet, is the character Lolita that innocent? This is where she is an anomaly to the little girls with checkered skirts and roller skates. She is a strong, independent, sexual goddess that screams 'virgin', yet is far from it. Could middle aged women get away with that? Could they stand in front of a crowd of men who wanted to pinch their cheeks, and tell them their cute, set them on their lap, and smell their talcum powdered skin? Of course not, they'd be lucky to have a husband that rolls over before he goes to bed, to stick it in for an evenings satisfaction. So here's this 'nymphet', every man is humbled by, pouring their attention to, while this nymphet just sits there, twirling her pigtails and licking her lollipop. Does she care that she is being idolized by men and envied by women? Of course not. She is independent from that. She lives to satisfy herself, while everyone stands around, working from nine to five, paying taxes, and are lucky enough to have time to watch that soap opera they taped earlier in the day. Lolita lives in all women. Women envy the nymphet's ability to not do anything, and still be loved and adored by the opposite sex.

New Garments Business Plan Essay

Though agriculture has always been the one of the most anticipated sectors in budgets, discussions, lectures and books but in true sense garments industry in Bangladesh is the most essential sector in terms of employment of comparatively less educated people. Employing almost 4.2 million people of whom 80% are women and thus contributing to empowerment of rural women. Let alone employment even if we consider foreign currency inflow this has been one of the most potential source. RMG covers around 80% of the total foreign exchange earnings of Bangladesh. According to a survey it contributes around 8 billion dollars which is around 13% of GDP. Starting in 1970s earning from it has increased by 8 times which is around 16.5% per annum. SWOT analysis Weakness: 1. Limited financial investment, 2. Insufficient infrastructural facility, 3. Less educated work-force 4. Negative impression on foreign buyers due to both political and unrest within the industry among the labor 5. Lack of legal enforcement 6. Lack of brand awareness 7. Poverty Threats: 1. High level of inflation 2. China, Pakistan and India. 3. Increasing competition 4. Capital investment availability, 5. Political instability 6. Corruption 7. Workplace unrest Strengths: 1. Labor intensive industry and labor cost is cheaper in Bangladesh compared to most countries 2. Plenty of labor available 3. Quality products 4. Competitive pricing Opportunities 1. Becoming a major hub 2. Tax reduction/govt. incentives 3. Planned Infrastructural development should improve supply chain a lot Company: Elegance Our company will be a garment company. Estimations are done based on square textile ltd and a small company named triangle fashion wear in Dhaka. Vision Provide quality clothing for every class of people and become one of the leading names in garments sector in the country and abroad as well. Mission Capture and satisfy the needs of customers through cost leadership and quality assurance and thus expand gradually. Introduction: Our company in the initial stage will go for sewing shirts only assuming monthly demand of 4000 shirts. As we will only produce ordered volume so the assumed demand is also our total production in units. We will take orders from other garments. As we will do the sewing only we won’t be having any inventory cost other than the raw materials. Reason behind being the designing and the cutting in these scenarios are normally done by the garment giving the order and we will complete the sewing and the collars. Buttons will be done afterwards elsewhere. For the electrical arrangements such as getting the business line for industrial purpose and placing meters the cost is assumed as 40000 and for wearing, stabilizers for machines sockets and other expenditure 40000 more is added with the initial cost. We will have 22 machines for which a 1000-1200 square feet space will be require. For hiring the place advance with 1st months’ rent is assumed as 115000. Loan of 200,000(27.54%of initial investment) will be taken at a rate of 15% which is close to 30% of the total investment amount. (Basic bank) (Small scale enterprise: The enterprise will be termed as small if in today’s market condition the replacement cost of plant, machinery and other components excluding land and building amounts to tk 15 million or less-Policy strategies for small and medium enterprises development in Bangladesh) Inventory: The raw materials should include, needles, pastes used in collars and threads. Ordering volume will be our production so there will be no additional inventory cost Machines: Taking the demand into account we will start with 22 machines of which 18 are single needle plain machines 2 over locks and two three needle machines. Ratios of plain machine to over locks and three needle is 10:2 Single needle is for basic sewing, three needle takes 1/3 time compared to single needle for obvious reasons but are very expensive, and over locks are sewing machines with blades that cuts the additional threads after sewing. Changes in demand and consequences: According to the owner of the triangle fashion wear in the winter time the demand for shirts decrease by 20-25%.duration of this shortage in demand is around 2 months. During this period there are obvious lay-offs so there is decrease in demand, in salaries and ultimately decrease in COGS and sales as well. Sales and COGS: Sales growth for our company is taken as 17%, based on the average of 5 years growth in sales of square textiles which is close to 20% and of triangle fashion wear which is close to 15%. As for COGS, for our company the growth assumed is 10%.for square text. Average growth in cogs is less than 15. NWC is assumed as 15% of sale for our company for each of five years. For square text. It is close to 18%. Salvage value For the over locks and single needle SV is assumed at an average of 5500tk after 5 years for each of the machines and for the 3 needle machine it is 8000 tk each Depreciation and tax: As for depreciation we deducted salvage value from total machine cost and deducted the amount by 10 which is the total lifetime for the machines. We used straight line depreciation for the other years. Corporate tax rate is assumed as 35% of the EBT amount. Calculating WACC: Market return of 10% is taken from the stock Bangladesh web site on 12th April, US risk free rate is taken for the measurement which is close to 3% and beta of 1.26 is taken from the stock Bangladesh website as well for the textile industries. Calculating CAPEX: Capital expenditure is calculated by summing up all the fixed assets for the 1st year which is close to 7% of the total sales for the same year. For the rest of years the growth rate is assumed as same as the sales which is 15%. After that we deducted fixed asset amount of the previous year from the amount of current year. 4P analysis: Product: As we said earlier our only product will be shirts. Pricing: Rate for sewing shirts in the market now is close to 90tk per shirt, we will start with 85tk to capture the market in the first place and then will focus on maintaining the quality. As we will only sew shirts so the calculated cost for each shirt will also be our production cost/unit.it is calculated as 49.5 by dividing COGS by demand. Promotion Promotion: We will do it by ourselves as the owner of the business so we won’t be having any additional cost for advertising and there will be experienced supervisors too, to initiate promotion. Place/Location and delivery: We will choose a place close to the companies we are expecting to get orders from. For the delivery of raw products to us and delivery of the sewed shirts to the companies ordering, companies themselves will be responsible.so again there will be no additional transportation cost for our company.

Herbal Market

MALAYSIA HERBAL MARKET Currently, the value of global herbal market for nutraceuticals is at USD 70 billion and USD 20 billion for phytomedicines with an average growth rate between 15 to 20 percent annually. While the Malaysia herbal market is valued at RM 4. 55 billion 0f which 90 percent of the raw material used was imported. It is with this potential in mind that Malaysia’s herbal industry can be one of the agriculture Entry Point Projects under the National Key Economic Areas in the Economic Transformation Programme.According to the Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar, Malaysia's fast growing herbal industry is expected to contribute about RM2. 2 billion to Gross National Product (GNP) by 2020. While the world market for herbal products is expected to exceed RM2 trillion by 2020 from RM777 billion in 2009, the local herbal market was likely to grow 15 percent annually from RM7 billion in 2010 to about RM29 billion by 2020. Moreover, Malaysia h as been listed as the 12th most biodiversity nation in the world and ranks fourth in Asia.We have over 15,000 flowering plants and over 3000 species of medicinal plants in our rich biodiversity tropical rainforest. Of these about 200 are being used as herbal remedies and approximately 50 species are commonly used in traditional medicine preparation. Furthermore, Malaysians quite familiar for the uses of herbal products as our multi-ethnic communities have been practicing traditional medicine with herbal plants for centuries. In rural area, some of them still use poultices, myriad brews and pastes derived from herbal plants or used it for the purpose of physical ailments and beauty treatments.Therefore, upon realize the significance of herb, our government had given financial support to research work related to herbs in term of Intensified Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) grants, the focus areas by the National Biotechnology Directorate, as well as other grant schemes. For example, RM25 million had been allocated by the government for a local company to conduct clinical research on Tongkat Ali in order to securing approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).Our government also support the effort that try to make halal pharmaceutical products being proved by the Halal standard for the pharmaceutical industry in order to protect the interests of Muslim consumers and all consumers in general the world over. Not only these, certain implementations also have been taken in view of turning Malaysia into a global herbal producer. World Health Organization (WHO) consistently reported that 80% of the world’s population depends on herbal medicine. There also a growing trend of people moving from synthetic allopathic drugs to herbal cures.This is because consumers realize the importance of health versus diseases, the changes in lifestyle, the growing of synthetic medical cost, and the growing knowledge of consumers about traditional medicines. Many co nsumers have known that the effective of herbal cures are the results of thousands years of herbal healing framework development through practise and error, observation, analysis and study. Moreover, there have been some high profile natural based cures such as Taxol plant for breast cancer and the Bintangor plant for AIDS.In order to achieve the goal stated in the previous paragraph, the highest standard of manufacturing should be included to be able to compete in terms of quality, safety, efficacy, pricing, and branding of products, as well as efficient distribution network and meeting international health certification standards. We also need to increase the domestic consumption by strengthen the domestic demand for Malaysian health foods and medicine besides reduce reliance on imported medicine, according to the speech by TAN SRI NOR MOHAMED YAKCOP.The ministry of health also has been diligently monitoring the herbal products in the market as well as conducted random sampling of herbal products to ensure that the standards of these products remain the same as the specified standards registered by the manufacturers. Notable markets for Malaysians herbal producer are USA, Europe, China, Japan and the Middle-east countries. This is important to ensure that our herbal product to penetrate the global export market.

Lifeboy Handwash

Executive Summary for Case Study on Lifebuoy Hand Wash Customer Problem: To develop, grow and accelerate Lifebuoy Hw in Hand wash category within the constrain of limited support budget given the limited support budget relatively small size of current Hand wash business. Task Summary: We surveyed 56 families’ i. e nearly 180 people, retailers, Hw sellers over a period of 20 days and based on our survey we did a detailed analysis of the data and came out with several findings & marketing strategies to overcome the current hurdles. Challenges To Overcome: Consumer mindset, which believes soap is a more economical and viable option for hand wash. †¢ Economical & wide reaching marketing strategies. †¢ Competition: Soaps, Sanitizers, other Hand wash brands like Dettol HW. The Market: The market for this business is the universal population which believes in eating healthy and remaining clean. In order to tap this entire market an awareness needs to be generated amongst th e masses that hand is the part of the body that comes in direct contact with dirt, other bacteria from air, water, earth and touches our skin, ears, eyes, nose, tongue.By keeping our hands clean we can keep away most of the illnesses. Hence cleaning of hands requires extra care & protection and not any ordinary soap. Opportunity: By creating awareness about personal hygiene and extra care for hand wash, Lifebuoy can not only create a market but also penetrate this created market very aggressively. Solution to the challenges: Consumer Mindset can be tackled by generating awareness about the importance of hand wash via Lifebuoy and conveying, HW last long and is more effective whereas soaps in long run tend to decay, become pale and ineffective due to moist conditions under which it is kept.Hence Hw liquids are as economical as soaps and more effective for HW. Non-conventional & economical Marketing Strategies: †¢ Ads on the Lid of food containers served by pantry in public trans portation like trains, bus, airways, waterways generating awareness on importance of hand wash through the medium of Lifebuoy. †¢ Working Population consume Dabba Food. We must sent 1 re Lifebuoy sachets along with Dabbas promoting Lifebuoy and generating awareness about the importance of Hand wash. †¢ Men spent an average of 25mins a day and women spent an average an hour a day in wash rooms.Here we must have life boy paper adds pasted on the doors and walls of washrooms in public places. †¢ Lifebuoy HW machine in corporate washrooms. (M/c will consist of LB HW refill container, LB tissues and hand dryer). †¢ Local doctors/medical shops must give away free samples of LB 1 re sachets along with medicines. Support Marketing Strategies can include 1)Health Gift packs eg. pack of lifebuoy products for a pregnant woman. This will earn us goodwill of the entire family. 2) Lifebuoy sachets for travelling. 3) Use of stylish bottles to target young population. )LB commer cial adds can show that in comparison to other HW, the LID drops less liquid and is more effective. Product Variants: 1) Quick HW(99. 99% germs in 10 secs)- Targeting children age group 3 to 14 years. 2)Economic HW(1 drop, antiseptic & more effective)-Targeting Housewife’s who are the families budget planners. 3)Trendy Hand wash(Keeps hands soft, fresh and good aroma)- Promote as an item of style & Hygiene to tap youngsters. Recommended New Variant as 50% of Indian Population is in this age group. 4)Total Health Care(skin care, Slower hand wash but longer protection)-Targeting Pregnant woman, old people, clinical uses.

Positive Behavior Essay

Reinforcement is a consequence following a behavior that could increase the probability of the behavior (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). Reinforcement helps the behavior to be strong enough that it can occur naturally within its one’s environment or can be a part of an intervention plan that teaches new behaviors (Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayor, 1991). Reinforcement is an important concept in operant conditioning and an important part of learning process. B. F. Skinner accepted this technique to modify reinforcement and punishment as well as extinction reinforcement. It increases a negative behavior, or a positive behavior. In Operant Learning, there are two types of behaviors positive and negative. Reinforcement is something that is part of everyone’s life and rewards are given to enforce positive behaviors. Positive reinforcement is something that is done to increase a response from someone. Educators are often involved in positive reinforcement. It helps the students give the desired behavior that is desired by the teacher. Teachers can impact student’s life positively by dealing with their behavior and by using a reward system. Being an Educator, there must be stability to effectively manage a classroom of students. Sometimes being faced with challenges in managing a student’s behavior becomes overwhelming especially students with behavior problems. Students are often very hard to teach and to get them focused on the information that’s being given to them because of the disruptive behaviors, but having some type of intervention plan in place helps to deal with the behavior problems. Although, teachers like to think they can handle things on their own sometimes before going to an administrator for an discipline referral, but because of the problems behavior sometimes being so bad, the student has to get involved with the discipline principal. The behavior could cause suspension from school in-school or out-of-school for a period of time awaiting a hearing. However, positive reinforcement does work for some students in the classroom. In my classroom environment the students gets positive reinforcement by letting them go to the computer lab, watch an educational movie, library, free time, or play music while they work and giving small snacks. These are some of the things that we do for positive reinforcement in the classroom. If positive reinforcement worked for everyone it would be a good thing, but some students do not care to be rewarded for good behavior. However, every student should want to do the right thing and not depend on someone giving them something in order to do well. Negative reinforcement is also a theory of Operant Learning. According to B. F. Skinner’s( 1953) theory on â€Å"operant conditioning† Skinner says that to be rewarded has more effect if it does not happen. If one was rewarded constantly the effect would be greater than the rewards that are usually given. If a student doesn’t know when they are being rewarded, they will control and behave themselves more so than anyone who knows the time the rewards are given out. Negative reinforcement is when certain incentives or items are removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. Although it is very unlikely that the behavior may not ever happen again, it is decreased. The negative behavior is increased if a student is stopping, moving or avoiding a negative outcome. It should never be thought of as a punishment. Positive reinforcement is always adding something positive to increase the behavior, but negative reinforcement is taking something that is negative to increase a behavior. Negative reinforcement is also when you do something to keep from being punished for it. An example is if â€Å"I nagged my son about keeping his room clean and he cleans it to avoid me nagging him to clean it. † Reinforcement is something that happens all the time in everyone’s everyday life. Making a plan for a child that is in special education is very important. To set the goals and objectives, it has to be in written form. To write a plan for setting goals and objectives takes some thought. First of all one must know what an objective is. Since I have been working in the education field, I have had to learn many things. I learned while sitting in an IEP that the teacher must have goals and objectives for the student. The objective gives information of what you want to learn and to be able to show evidence of what you have learned. The objective is important and it must be well taught to help with the evaluating content of the goals. It leaves not enough room for reason. In writing an objective there are uniqueness that should be communicated and they are the accomplishment of an objective. This is a statement of what is anticipated of the learner. Circumstances are actually what the student can do or how the task can be performed. The standard of the objective tells how the student performed the assignment so that it will be acknowledged. Writing objectives should be about how much or how well of what someone will do and by when. For example; â€Å"Alicia will show respect for others, her peers and adults, her ideas, thoughts, opinion, personal space and property. † Alicia should do this independently 90% of the time. Since Alicia is having problems with respecting others, she has to sit away from the group until she apologizes to all of her teachers and peers. Once she does this, she can return back to the group. Alicia likes being with the group, so she finally decides to apologize to everyone. The data was collected by Informal Assessment and Data Collection. Another example would be Alicia needs to follow directions without arguing with the teacher 1 out of 4 times a day as measured by observation, weekly observation and charting the outcome. Everything we do have a consequence whether it’s positive or negative. However, to get a positive stimulus one must increase the behavior to something positive. To get a negative behavior, do something that is not acceptable. It is always wise to try and increase the student’s behavior by positive reinforcement and definitely not by punishment. Doing something that is positive to decrease the negative behavior is always the right thing to do. Reinforcements of both behaviors are something that is done on a daily basis of everyday life. Today because people operate by their environment, (Martin & Pear, 1999) we all look for reinforcement in our lives rather it’s at work, with our friends, or family. All behaviors eventually become a way of growth. As for reinforcement, it will be more successful if the intensity and the magnitude of enforcers is greater ( Mittenberger, 2008). So, the bottom line is that Positive Reinforcement should be used in the classroom to help those students that are experiencing behavior problems. Special Education Teachers should take into consideration of positive reinforcement to better help their students to be successful.

Macroeconomics Article Commentary Essay

The worst problems surrounding youth unemployment in Scotland are not over, a Scottish Government Minister told MSPs today. Despite statistics showing a rise in jobs on offer, Minister for Youth Employment Angela Constance said that such a claim would be foolish. She said that improvements in Scotland’s economy would resolve some problems of getting young people into work. But she added that, in the long-term, work is needed to help those facing â€Å"considerable barriers†. Constance’s remarks came as she appeared before Holyrood’s Education Committee to answer questions on the Scottish Government’s Youth Employment Strategy, and ahead of the publication of the latest job figures tomorrow. Figures show that 102,000 young people are currently unemployed in Scotland. That represents around one in four of those aged 16-24 who are economically active. â€Å"Given the recent economic indicators that suggest things are slightly improving in terms of vacancies, do you think we’re over the most challenging year, and have met the greatest challenge?† Ms Constance said she would not be â€Å"foolish enough to look into her crystal ball† and make such predictions. â€Å"We’ll deal with what comes our way,† she said. Pressed by Labour MSP Neil Bibby on whether she believed there is a youth unemployment crisis in Scotland, Ms Constance said: â€Å"What I believe is that we need to be in this for the long haul.† She told MSPs there were around 20,000 young people from disadvantaged backgrounds who face â€Å"considerable barriers to getting into work†. â€Å"When we think of youth unemployment, some of that will be resolved when the economy picks up and gets better,† she added. â€Å"But youth unemployment is always two and a half to three times higher than all-age unemployment. â€Å"There is always an issue there that we need to tackle and it is long-term action we need.† IA Commentary #2: Youth unemployment requires long-term action Just like a majority of all countries, Scotland is facing struggle in their economic recovery after the recession. The problem being addressed in the chosen article speaks about the youth unemployment crisis that is occurring in the country. Demand in the consumer sector is not what the main problem is. Apparently, the youth (age 16 – 24) have reached unemployment (ability to work but don’t have a job) rates of 25% due to â€Å"disadvantaged backgrounds†. This can most likely be assumed that these people have had a lack of education and do not have the sufficient skills to apply for the desired jobs. This could be labeled as a ‘skill mismatch’ between workers’ skills and employers’ needs. Unemployment can have a significant negative impact on a country’s economy and society. As the unemployment level rises, the more people are eligible for benefit payments (money given to the unemployed to consume basic necessities) which take away from the government’s revenue and spending power. Secondly, and most importantly, unemployment can cause a waste of resources and reduce the nation’s output which will lower the economy’s GDP. With this loss of the nation’s output, the economy will be producing within its PPF (Production Possibility Frontier: ability to produce ALL available resources efficiently) and lowers/decreases economic growth. The following labor market diagram can depict what unemployment the market is facing. As seen in the diagram, the labor market is shown in a simple AD/AS model. At Qe, the labor market is at equilibrium as the demand for labor matches the supply. Though, in this case, the supply of labor has decreased causing the AS curve to shift leftwards. This shows that the market is not running at full efficiency as production is being hindered. The resource of workers are not being allocated at high efficiency because they are lacking the factor of production of education. These factors of production are inputs that are used in the production of goods/services. The suggested solution of the article is to seek ‘long-term’ action to regain the loss of supply/productivity in the skill deprived market. Government intervention seems to be the solution to correct those workers facing ‘considerable barriers’ or lack of education. The reallocation of the government fiscal policy to boost economic activity will have to see a greater percentage of revenue towards the education sector. The fiscal policy is the use of the government expenditure and taxation to manage the economy. In this case, a supply-side policy will need to be rearranged to improve the quality of resources which would education in this situation. A period of economic austerity will definitely be needed as the government will be forced to lower discretionary spending (expenditure that is adjusted annually) in other sectors to assure that the current and future youth have better education and provide the economy with better qualities of production. Using the same labor market diagram, you will see the result of increasing the quality of the factor of production (education) as the supply of ‘able’ workers rises back to equilibrium. The diagram shows the effect of re-allocated supply-side fiscal policy (policies to alter the level of supply to create a stable economy) towards increased spending for the education sector. The government can lower the number of un-educated workers/youths that lack adequate skills by subsidizing education and implementing better training for jobs. Currently, the aggregate supply for young Scottish workers lies on the ‘AS Labor’ curve as firms can’t hire the un-skilled workers. This leads the real GDP, or the output of the country to be lower as goods and services aren’t being produced at maximum efficiency due to the lack of workers. The long-run solution that is alluded in the text would definitely be to improve the education system because currently the economy is running on spare capacity (producing at less than maximum efficiency). The economy would have to bare with the supply crisis until the workers have acquired the adequate skills. If the re-evalution of the fiscal policy is used by the Scottish government, then they can potentially fix this skill-mismatch issue and avoid disastrous economic problems. Lastly, to ensure economic safety, the Scottish government should restrain from borrowing money and spend money on other projects to allow them to fix their problem. This could hinder the development in other sectors as the money available to them should be placed towards education.

Public Health infrastructure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Health infrastructure - Research Paper Example No single effort toward the infrastructural development can undermine the factors which intensify the virus spread. This comprehensive approach should be supported by adequate funding, workforce, and laboratory facilities, especially where the disease is highly endemic. However, having a well praised health infrastructure is not what all needed, but it must be supported with available scientific evidence for decision making. Creating on time administration policies is also important. These policies must include prevention programs and other aspects regarding the operational research. The research process in the public health infrastructure must be more clear, specific, and effective than they are in the current scenario. The research team should conduct significant research missions regarding the means to countermand the spread of HIV/AIDS. They should adopt programs from the international research leaders like the MHRP. The U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), 1986, protected the service personnel as well as the global community by diminishing the risk of HIV infection (Uganda). Until now, MHRP has been leading the International HIV vaccine development efforts, having five research sites in Asia and Africa.

Company Analysis of Free Standing Company - National Bank of Egypt Essay

Company Analysis of Free Standing Company - National Bank of Egypt - Essay Example This report will analyze National Bank of Egypt as a free standing company and then the characteristics of National Bank of Egypt will be compared with the views of Mira Wilkin with respect to free standing company. Past and Present of the National Bank of Egypt (NBE) and its Acquisitions and Mergers (as a free standing company): National bank of Egypt is the oldest commercial bank of Egypt. It has been operating for the last 114 years. The bank was established in June, 1898, with the investment of one million pounds (National Bank of Egypt a). It is believed that bank of Egypt was formed by partnerships of various important people namely, Sir Ernest Cassel, Isaac Suarez and his siblings Joseph and Felix and various other members. However, since Sir Ernest was keen on not leaving the United Kingdom, therefore, branch office of National bank of Egypt was created in London (National Bank of Egypt UK Branch 2012). Since then National Bank of Egypt has opened various branches around Egyp t and some other countries of the world. It has opened its branch in Khartoum in 1901, and in next year Agriculture Bank of Egypt was set active. Similarly, it has merged with various other banks and also has acquired many banks around the globe to capitalize on different opportunities regardless of the geographic region. National Bank of Egypt has a rich history of these mergers and acquisitions and some of these have been discussed below. Bank of Abyssinia came into being in 1906 and was established by National Bank of Egypt, which in many ways performed its duties for the Ethiopian government. This bank has also issued currency for Ethiopia and was the only issuer of currency for the government. Moreover, Bank of Abyssinia has also provided its services as a fiscal agent for the Ethiopian government. However, these services were later terminated in 1931 as Ethiopian government established Bank of Ethiopia as an alternative. In the year 1951, National bank of Egypt was recognized as the central bank for Egypt, but it was later confirmed in 1957 (by banking acts) and started its operation as a legal central bank of Egypt. Another important development by National Bank of Egypt was that it started operating in Sudan; all assets of the bank which were in the premises of Sudan were intentionally nationalized by the Sudan government in order to come up with the new bank for the country. This was later named as Central Bank of Sudan. Similarly, in a year (1960), Bank of Egypt was also nationalized. The main purpose for this act was to create a separate central banking entity for Egypt (Egypt News 2012). National Bank of Egypt acquired Citibank of Egypt in 1961, as this bank entered the Egyptian market 6 years before its acquisition. However, the prime reason for Citibank to leave the market was because of the nationalization process carried out in the Egypt. Furthermore, one of the important milestones of Bank of Egypt was to establish Commercial International Ban k. With the help and partnership of Chase Manhattan Bank or, in simple words, the merger between National Bank of Egypt and Chase Manhattan Bank has resulted in establishing Commercial international Bank in the year 1975. Likewise in a year (1976), another important merger came into existence, as NBE along with 19 other banks from the US and Arabic countries merged together in order to establish Arab American Bank. National Bank of